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| Toennies idea of natural order: civilization is ruled by family life, community, and based on land ownership. |
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| concord, people are the controllers |
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| folkways & mores. Common wealth controls |
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| Religion, Church controls |
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| Toennies idea of rational order: civilization/life is drive by policy, science, diversity, culture |
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| Legislation state controls |
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| Public opinion. Intelligence/scholars controls. |
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| The ways in which we see the world |
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| thoroughly researched ideas about how societies are organized & how social interactions changes over time. |
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| Made to serve ideological purposes; thus, theories can be disproved. |
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Two opposite stances.
Ex: White feminism vs. Black feminism |
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| Typically, in the form of hierarchies. |
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| Through which we view/analyze different societies. |
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| is politics. "WE" are the culmination of a trajectory of development; thus, things have to be in hierarchies. |
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| "Everyone else's present is our past." |
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| This belief sets us up to be biased in how we see the world beneath us. |
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| Influenced his exposure to pre-industrial --> industrial society. "Face to face to Mass Society." Wealthy, 1855-1936 |
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| 1st order: Natural; Gemeinschaft. Fuedalism, Idea Law |
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| Rational, Gesselschaft: City, Metropolis, Capitalism. |
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Law upholds rational individual identity; is in fact rooted in this. Based on commerce and trade.
Marked by urbanism |
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| Capitalism & the individual |
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| "Capitalism does best when the people involved in it ONLY see individualism." - Hourani |
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your status is placed upon you.
White privilege is a recognition of this |
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| your status comes from your effort |
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| Toennies & State of Nature |
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| THERE IS NO STATE OF NATURE AS IN HOBBES |
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| Man is a social being & social organization. Social Organization determined the character of Man, NOT "human nature". |
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| friend or foe. mutual underlying fear drives man to assume the worst so he can save himself. Man is SELFISH. |
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| Refers to the underlying fear we have that drives our actions |
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| Method of Subtraction; at core is nature of man/warre |
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| AN imagined realm conceived from theoretical argument. |
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| Hobbes believed that at the core of man the individual has: |
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REASON.
It is this rationality that leads to the prisoner's dilema. |
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| Human nature for Hobbes suggest that |
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| Human beings are self-interested, rational, greedy. Maximize profit, minimize loss. |
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| Escape from State of Nature? From this civil society is born. |
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| Man acceded to a social contract. Driven by fear man gives up personal freedoms to an artificial actor so order is maintained. THE GOV'T & us as law abiding citizens. |
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| Thinks it's bullshit. Hobbes's social experiment is rooted in PURE theory NOT the real world; thus, not applicable. |
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| Marx's reaction to Hobbes |
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| Instead of peeling back from society to the individual we must build from the individual to society. Only from this can we understand the collective world. |
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| Marx on Individualism pt 1 |
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| Agrees that the individual exist when they are primary in the State of Nature |
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| "pure theory is for the birds" |
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| Individuals are not primary |
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| we are born into these relationships |
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| we are a product of these relationships |
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| What matters is the nature of these relations. |
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| Marx, Engel, and Society. |
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| You cannot predict what our society can look like based on theory. You need to do the work and look into these relations. |
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| Prohibits us from viewing ourselves as we are. |
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| = oppression because of labor exploitation. Social processes > fear. |
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| Predecessor of capitalism |
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| WE become separated from ourselves (or parts) because we realize what we could have and what we do are two different things. |
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| we confront ourselves by alienating ourselves from these objects. |
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| We becomes separated from ourselves; something to be dominated/controlled. |
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| It is in our nature to have wants and needs; thus, when we outgrow these we develop more. |
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| access/ ownership to non-human inputs of production |
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| Infrastructure: tools, factories |
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| natural resources and raw materials. |
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| assignment of task to increase efficiency --> causes separation as some task require more skill that others. |
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| political system that had lords having land ownership. vassals rented basically and provided small incentive and military protection for serfs. |
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| Production forces + means of production |
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| Simply, the study of first principles or the essence of things. |
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| big wigs that don't have to vote for the way their state does |
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| the rational of man at their core |
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| viewing utilities as a right/entitlement NOT something to be bought or paid for. Such as housing. |
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