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| A folk category of the English language that refers to discrete groups of human beings who are uniformly seperated from one another on the basis of arbitrarily selected phenotypic traits. |
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| An often fatal genetic disease caused by a chemical mutation that changes one of the amino acids in normal hemoglobin; the mutant sickle-cell gene occurs with unusually high frquency in parts of Africa where malaria is present. |
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| The largest naturally occurring population that is capable of interbreeding and producing fully fertile offspring. |
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| Outward biological appearence resulting from interaction of genes and environment; phenotype. |
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| A specialization within biological anthropology; the study of the morphology of teeth across time and populations. |
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| A prehostoric native American culture in the American Midwest, characterized by mound building, maize horticulture, and a particular set of mortuary customs. |
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| The study of disease patterns in extinct populations, primarily through the examination of skeletal remains. |
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| The situation of population growth in a limited geographical area causing a decline in food production and resources and sometimes triggering technological change. |
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| The New Stone Age; prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which peoples posessed stone-based technologies and depended on domesticated crops and/or animals. |
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| The Middle Stone Age period between the end of the Paleolithic and the start of the Neolithic; referred to as Archaic cultures in the Americas. |
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| Term used to refer to Mesolithic cultures in the Americas. |
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| A small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools; widespread in the Mesolithic. |
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| A Mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 10,200 and 12,500 years ago. Earliest Mesolithic people known to have stored plant foods. |
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| An evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the gentic makeup of a population of plants or animals, sometimes to the extent that members of the population are unable to survive and/or reproduce without human assistance. |
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| The cultivation of domesticated root crops, such as yams and taro. |
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| The region encompassing southern Mexico and northern Central America. |
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| Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes. |
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| Intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers, and/or irrigation. |
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| Breeding and managing migratoey herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, or camels. |
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| V. Gordon Childe's theory on the origin of food production |
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Definition
| Dramatic climate change took place during the period 10-9kya and people had to gather around oases to exist. This led people to intensify their efforts to manipulate and cultivate animals and plants living in close proximity to them. |
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| reasons for domestication |
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Definition
| It seemed easier and we didn't foresee the consequences. We didn't have to go out and get the food, we could stay in one place creating sedintary societies. |
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| Declining health and overreliance on a few food sources, as well as the beginning of stratified societies |
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| benefits of domestication |
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Definition
| Sedentary living, furniture is built, clothing is woven, pottery is made for storage and later decorated, and trade networks and regular exchange of resources occurs. |
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| *All four theories related to the origin of food production. |
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Definition
| The oasis theory, the hilly flanks theory which states, "What's mine is mine, and what's yours is mine," as well as the population growth theory and the natural and cultural events convergence theory. |
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| In anthropology, a type of society marked |
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| In the Old World, the period marked by the production of tools and ornaments of bronze; began about 5,000 years ago in China and Southwest Asia and about 500 years earlier in Southeast Asia. |
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| Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal posessions, symbollically placed in the grave for the deceased person's use in the afterlife. |
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| The theory that explains civilization's emergence as the result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems, the functioning of which required full-time managers whose control blossomed into the first governing body and elite social class. |
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| The theory that self-serving actions by forceful leaders play a role in civilization's emergence. |
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| *All five theories on the coming of civilization. |
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Definition
| Hydraulic theory, environmental barriers, trade-exchange system, religion and religious centers, and the action theory. |
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| *All five reasons for the decline of civilizations. |
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| Environmental degredation, disease, war, social unrest and inequity, and population growth. |
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| *Four basic changes marking the transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first cities. |
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Definition
| Agricultural innovation, diversification of labor, central government, and social stratification. |
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| A theory that cultural change occurs through a process by which traits of one society are borrowed by another. |
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| Prehistoric archetectural structures made of large stones; typical of societies that were chiefdoms or early states. |
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| The study of the fossils of ancient, usually extinct, animals and plants. |
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| A sudden and catastrophic decline in the population of an area, usually resulting from massive food shortages or introduced epidemic diseases. |
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| A technique used by archaeologists for reconstructing the flora and ecology of a site by recovering pollen in the soil and identifying the species that produced them. |
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| The ratio of the number of people per area of land; closely related to carrying capacity. |
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| Chenages in agriculture production intended to improve the system by producing more harvest per unit of land. |
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| Peoples who subsist on the collection of naturally occurring plants and animals; food foragers. |
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| An arrangements of statuses or groups within a society into a pattern of socially superior and inferior ranks; based on differential access to strategic resources. |
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| A doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctuve physical characteristics. |
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| A term to describe species with alternative forms (alleles) of particular genes. |
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| The expression of genetic variants in different frequencies in different populations of a species. |
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| A gradual change in the frequency of an allele or trait over space. |
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| A fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye that covers the true corner of the eye; common in Asianatic populations. |
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| A sugar that is the primary constituant of fresh milk. |
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| An enzyme in the small intestine that enables humans to assimilate lactose. |
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| Human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food storage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen. |
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| The chemical responsible for dark skin pigmentation that helps protect against damage from ultraviolet radiation. |
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| *Features that people who practice racism judge others based upon. |
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Definition
| Physical appearences, behavior, and intelligience. |
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| *Features anthropologists judge others based upon. |
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Definition
| Culture, ethnicity, religion, or beliefs. |
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| The tendency for the bodies of mammals living in cold climates to be shorter and rounder than members of the same species living in warm climates. |
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| The tendency of mammals living in cold climates to have shorter appendages (arms and legs) than members of the same species living in warm climates. |
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| *Why is it important to look at race and racism the way that anthropologists do? |
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Definition
| In order to understans, show tolerance, show empathy, and to practice cultural pluralism. |
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| *Ways we look at human variation and diversity. |
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Definition
| Physical characteristics such as adaptations and mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, genetic pool, cline, blood groups and type, body build(two rules), nutrition(culturally dependant), and diseases(both genetic and infectious). |
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| A permanent phenotypc variation derived from interaction between genes and the environment during the period of growth and development. |
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| A physical difference among related people from distinct generations that allows anthropologists to make inferences about environmental effects on growth and development. |
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| A short-term physiological change in response to a specific environmental stimulus. An immediate short-term response is not very efficient and is gradually replaced by a longer term response. |
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| Long-term physiological adjustments made in order to attain an equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulus. |
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| A cyclic expansion and contraction of the blood vessels of the limbs that balances releasing enough heat to the limbs to prevent frostbite, maintaining heat in the body core. |
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| A specialization that brings theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology to the study of human health and disease. |
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| A patterned set of ideas and practices relating to illness. |
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| Refers to specific pathology; a physical or biologocal abnormality. |
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| Refers to the meanings and elaborations given to a particular physical state. |
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| The public health term for a disease that is widespread in a population. |
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| An approach to human sickness and health combining principles of evolutionary theory and human evolutionary history. |
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| An infectious protein lacking any genetic material but capable of causing the reorganization and destruction of other proteins. |
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| The presence of multiple medical systems, each with its own practices and beliefs in a society. |
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| Physical and/or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, and premature death) caused by exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems. |
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| A difference in the health status between the wealthy elite and the poor in stratified societies. |
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| *Kinds of changes that have transformed us into a globalized world. |
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| Disease, politics, our environment, genetics, and structural violence |
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| A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limites to, sex, labor, property child rearing, exchange, and staus. |
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| Biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as bolld relatives. |
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| People related through marriage. |
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| The prohibition of sexual contact between certain close relatives, usually parent and child and sibling relations at a minimum. |
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| Marriage within a particular group or category of individuals. |
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| Marriage outside the group. |
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| Marriage in which both partners have just one spouse. |
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| A marriage form in which an individual marries or lives with a series of partners in succession. |
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| One individual having multiple spouses at the same time; from the Greek words poly ("many") and gamous ("marriage"). |
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| Marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time; a form of polygamy. |
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| Marriage of a woman to two or more men at one rtime; a form of polygamy. |
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| Marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another. Also called co-marriage. |
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| Marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs. |
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| Child of a father's brother or a mother's sister. |
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| Child of a mother's brother or a father's sister. |
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| Money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage. Also called bride wealth. |
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| A designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family. |
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| Payment of a woman's inheritence at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband. |
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| Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. The family may take many forms, ranging from a single parent with one or more children, to a married couple or polygamous spouses with offspring, to several generations of parents and their children. |
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| The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritence, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out. |
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| A family established through marriage. |
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| A family of "blood relatives" consisting of related women, their brothers, and women's offspring. |
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| A group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children. (Until recently this term referred only to the father-mother-child(ren) unit.) |
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| Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group. |
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| A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband's father's place of residence. |
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| A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence. |
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| A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence. |
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| A pattern in which a married couple establish their household in a location apart from either the husband's or the wife's relatives. |
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| A network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations. |
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| Any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor. |
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| Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line. |
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| Desscent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership. |
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Definition
| Descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership. |
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| A unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms. |
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| An extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological. |
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| The splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups. |
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| The belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits. |
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| A unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do. |
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| Each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent. |
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| An individual's close blood relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his or her family. |
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| T he central person from whom the degree of each relationship is traced. |
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| Kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin. Also referred to as lineal system. |
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Definition
| Kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term. |
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Definition
| Kinship reckoning in which a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mother's sister, but a father's sister and mother's brother are given seperate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters. while cross cousins are classified seperately but not equated with relatives of some other generation. |
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Definition
| Land suitable for cultivation. |
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| A system of required labor; characteristic of ancient states. |
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| An uncommon form of plural marriage in which a woman is married to two or more brothers at a time. |
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Definition
| The study of how differing parenting styles affect infant health and growth. |
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Definition
| The development, through the influence of parents and others, of patterns of thought and behavior in children that conform to beliefs and values of a particular culture. |
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| Acclimating someone (as a child) to take food other than by nursing. |
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| Learned social acticities and expectation made on the basis of gender. |
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| The idea, often associated with Marvin harris, that cultural behaviors are best explained in relation to material constraints (including food, producing technology) to which humans are subjected. |
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| *Identifiers of civilization. |
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Definition
| Monumental architecture, segregation of society into social classes, centralized governments, writing and inscriptions, and the emergence of different farming innovations. |
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Definition
| Area that has both an agricultural base and centers showing characteristics of civilizations, also with a strong centralized political system. |
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| Conservation model that draws on lessons learned from the recent to distant past in order to benefit contemporary populations. |
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| reciprocal exchange system |
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Definition
| Simple direct trade between two people where goods or services can be exchanged for other goods and services (barter) or goods and services can be traded for monetary units. |
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| redistributive exchange system |
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Definition
| Is associated with centralized societies; where a king or central authority retains portion of collected goods and services that mover through its area of authority, than passes these goods onto others. |
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| An organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime. |
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Definition
| A formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of age-grade categories together. |
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| common-interest associations |
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Definition
| Associations that result from an act of joining based on sharing particular activities, objectives, values, or beliefs. |
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Definition
| Societies in which people are hierarchically divided and rranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige. |
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| Societies in which everyone has about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources. |
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| A category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation. |
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| A closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life. |
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| Upward or downward change in one's social class position in a stratified society. |
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| The ability to identify oneself as an individual, to reflect on oneself, and to evaluate oneself. |
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| A special event or ritual to mark the naming of a child. |
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| The distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. |
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| Child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group, rather than reliance on oneself. |
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| Chil-rearing practices that foster independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement. |
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| The body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population. |
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| Those values especially promoted by a particular culture. |
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| A person born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively mal or female. |
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| A person who crosses over or occupies a culturally accepted position in the binary male-female gender construction. |
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Definition
| A mental disorder specific to a particular ethnic group. |
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