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Definition
| The study of human kind in all times and places. |
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| A fundamental principle of anthropology: that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest perspective possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependance. |
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| Theories about the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one's own culture. |
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| The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client. |
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| Also known as biologocal anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms. |
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| A branch of biological anthropology that uses genetic and biochemical techniques to test hypotheses about human evolution, adaptation, and variation. |
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| The study of the origin and predecessors of the prsent human species. |
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| Focusing on the interaction of biology and culture. |
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| Applied subfield of physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes. |
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| The study of living and fossil primates. |
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| Also known as social or sociocultural anthropolgy. The study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings. It focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures. |
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| A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior. |
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| A detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork. |
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| The term anthropologists use for on-location research. |
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| In ethnography, the technique of learning a people's culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period of time. |
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| The study and analysis of different cultures from a comparitive or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups. |
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Definition
| The study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data. |
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| cultural resource management |
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Definition
| A branch of archeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources and involving surveying and/or excavating archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development. |
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| The study of human languages, looking at their structure, history and/or relation to social and cultural contexts. |
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| Based on observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith. |
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| A tentative explanation of the relation between certain phenomena. |
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| In science, an explanation of natural phenomena, supported by a reliable body of data. |
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| Worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, informaion, and infectious disease. |
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| linguistic, cultural, archaeology, physical |
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Definition
| What are the four fieds of anthropology? |
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| One of the best known forensic anthropologists. |
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| The "founder" of anthropology, recognized the dangers of ethnocentrism, and promoted anthropology as a human science but also as an instument to combat racism and prejudice around the world. |
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| A pioneering "founder" of anthropology as well as the Women's anthropological Society, an advocate for women's rights in the 1800s, and one of the first women in the world to receive a full-time official position in science. |
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| The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society. |
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| An organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture and who act together for collective survival and well-being. |
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| The cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes. |
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| A distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates, while still sharing common standards with that larger society. |
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| People who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based on various cultural features such as shared ancestory and common origin, language, customs, and traditional beleifs. |
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| This term, rooted in the Greek word ethnikos ("nation") and related to ethnos ("custom"), is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group. |
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| A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences. |
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| A sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way. |
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| The rule-governed relationships-with all their rights and obligations-that hold members of a society together. This includes households, families, associations, and power relations, including politics. |
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| The economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living. |
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| A society's shared sense of identity and world-view. The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world-its shape, challenges, and oppurtunities-and their place in it. This includes religion and national ideology. |
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Definition
| The belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones. |
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| The idea that one must suspend judgment of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms. |
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| Argued that people everywhere share certain biological and psychological needs and that the ultimate function of all cultural institutions is to fulfill those needs. |
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| 1.food and procreation(biological needs) 2.law and education(instrmental needs) 3.religion and art(integrative needs) |
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Definition
| The three fundamental levels of needs that Malinowski outlined must be resolved by all cultures. |
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| characteristics of culture |
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Definition
| It is learned, shared, dynamic, based on symbols, and integrated. |
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| Ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures; also known as salvage ethnography. |
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| Research that is community-based and politically involved. |
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| The investigation and documentation of peoples and cultures embedded in the larger structures of a globalizing world,utilizing a range of methods in various locations of time and space. |
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| Extended on-location research to gather detailed and in-depth information on a society's customary ideas, values, and practices through participation in its collective social life. |
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| A member of the society being studied, who provides information that helps researchers understand the meaning of what they observe; early anthropologists referred to such individuals as informants. |
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| Statistical or measurable information, such as demographuc composition, the types and quantities of crops grown, or the ratio of spouses born and raised within or outside the community. |
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| Nonstatistical information such as personal life stories and customary beliefs and practices. |
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| An unstructured, open-ended conversation in everyday life. |
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| A structured question/answer session carefully notated as it occurs and based on prepared questions. |
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| An activity or object used to draw out individuals and encourage them to recall and share information. |
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| The use of digital technologies (audio and visual) for the collection ,analysis, and representation of ethnographic data. |
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Definition
| A study of cultures of the recent past through oral histories, accounts of explorers, missionaries, and traders, and through analysis of records such as land titles, birth and death records, and other archival materials. |
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| An assertion of opinion or belief formally handed down by an authority as true and indisputable. Also known as dogma. |
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| Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) |
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Definition
| A vast collection of cross-indexed ethnographic and archaeological data catalogued by cultural characteristics and geographic locations. Archived in about 300 libraries (on microfiche and/or online) |
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| A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of superstructure in cultural research and analysis. |
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| A theoretical approach stressing the primacy of ifrastructure (material conditions) in cultural research and analysis. |
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| Formal, recorded agreement to participate in research. |
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| The often disruptive process of culture change occurring in traditional societies coming in contact with more powerful state societies, in particular industrialized or capitalist societies. |
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| The class of vertebrate animals distinguished by bodies covered with fur, self-regulating temperature, and in females milk-producing mammary glands. |
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| The group of mammals that include lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. |
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| The smallest working unit in the system of classification. Among living organisms, species are populations or groups of populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile viable offspring. |
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| In the system of plants and animal classification, a group of like species. |
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| The science of classification. |
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| In biology, structures possessed by different organisms that are superficially similar due to similar function;without sharing a common developmental pathway or structure. |
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| In biology, structures posessed by two different organisms that arise in similar fashion and pass through similar stages during embryonic development though they may possess different functions. |
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Definition
| The taxonomic division superfamily within the old world primates that includes gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans. |
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Definition
| African hominoid family that includes humans and their ancestors. Some scientists, recognizing the close relationship of humans, chimos, bonobos, and gorillas, use the term to refer to all African hominoids. They then divide the family into two subfamilies: the Paninae (chimps, bonobos, and gorillas) and the Homininae (humans and their ancestors). |
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Definition
| The taxonomic subfamily or tribe within the primates that includes humans and our ancestors. |
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| A rodlike structure of cartilage that, in vertebrates, is replaced by the vertebral column. |
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| The evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation. |
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Definition
| A portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. |
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Definition
| The Medelian pronciple that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their seperate identities through the generation. |
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| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| The Medelian pronciple that genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another. |
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Definition
| In the cell nucleus, the structure visible during cellular division containing long strands of DNA combined with protein. |
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Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA |
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Definition
| The genetic material consisting of a complex molecule whose base structure directs the synthesis of proteins. |
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Definition
| Three-base sequence of a gene that specifies a particular amino acid for inclusion in a protein. |
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Definition
| Similar to DNA but with uracil substituted for the base thymine. Transcribes and carries instructions from DNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes where it directs protein syhthesis. Some simple life forms contain this only. |
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Definition
| Process of conversion of instructions from DNA into RNA. |
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| Structures in the cell where translation occurs. |
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Definition
| Process of conversion of RNA instructions into proteins. |
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| The sequence of three bases (a codon) that specifies the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. |
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Definition
| Protein that initiates and directs chemical reaction. |
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Definition
| Alternate form of a single gene. |
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Definition
| The complete structure sequence of DNA for a species. |
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Definition
| A kind of cell division that produces new cells having exactly the same number of chromosome pairs, and hence copies of genes, as the parent cell. |
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Definition
| A kind of cell division that produces the sex cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organisms. |
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Definition
| Refers to a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene. |
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Definition
| Refers to a chromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene. |
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Definition
| The alleles posessed for a particular trait. |
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Definition
| The observable or testable appearnece of an organism that may or may not reflect a particular genotype due to the variable expression of dominant and recessive alleles. |
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Definition
| The ability of one allele for a trait to mask the presence of another. |
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Definition
| An allele for a trait whose expression is masked by the presence of a dominant allele. |
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Definition
| The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells. |
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Definition
| When two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single charcteristic. |
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Definition
| In biology, a group of similar individuals that can and do interbreed, |
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Definition
| Changes in allele frequencies in populations;also known as microevolution. |
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Definition
| All the gentic variants possessed by members of a population. |
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Definition
| Demonstrates algebraically that the percentage of individuals that are homozygous for the dominant allele, homozygous for the recessive allele, and heterozygous should remain constant from one generation to the next, provided that certain specified conditions are met. |
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Definition
| Chance alteration of genetic material that produces new variation. |
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Definition
| Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population. |
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Definition
| A particular form of genetic drift deriving from a small founding population not possessing all the alleles present in the original population. |
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Definition
| The introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another. |
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Definition
| A series of beneficial adjustments to the environment. |
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Definition
| Acts of selflessness or self-sacrificing behavior. |
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Definition
| Natural selection acting to promote stability, rather than change, in a population's gene pool. |
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Definition
| An inherited disease cause by a mutation in the hemoglobon protein that causes the red blood cellc to assumea moonlike shape. |
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Definition
| Evolution above the species level. |
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Definition
| The process of forming new species. |
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Definition
| A factor that seperates breeding populations, thereby preventing genee flow, creating divergent subspecies, and ultimately (if maintained) divergent species. |
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Definition
| Speciation through a branching mechanism whereby an ancestral population gives rise to two or more descendant populations. |
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Definition
| A sustained directional shift in a population's average characteristics. |
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Definition
| Characteristics that define a group of arganisms that did not exist in ancestral populations. |
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Definition
| Characteristics possessed by an organism or group of organisms due to shared identity. |
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Definition
| In biological evidence a process by which unrelated populations develop similarities to one another due to similar function rather than shared ancestry. |
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Definition
| According to the theory of plate tectonic, the movement of continents embedded in underlying plates on the earth's surface in relation to one another over the history of lfe on earth. |
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Definition
| Rapid diversification of an evolving population as it adapts to a variety of available niches. |
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| Possessing charcteristics that, by chance, are advantagous in future environmental conditions. |
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Definition
| An animal that maintains a relatively constant body temperature despite environmental fluctuations. |
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Definition
| An animal whose body temperature rises or falls according to the temperature of the surrounding environment. |
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Definition
| Reproduction involving the production of relatively few offspring with high parental investment in each. |
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Definition
| Reproduction involving the production of large numbers of offspring with relatively low parental investment in each. |
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Definition
| A theory for primate evolution that proposes that life in the trees was responsible for enhanced visual acuity and manual dexterity in primates. |
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Definition
| A hypoyhesis for primate evolution that proposes that hunting behavior in tree-dwelling primates was responsible for their enhanced visual acuity and manual dexterity. |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that dates of divergences among related species can be calculated through an examination of the genetic mutations that have accrued since the divergence. |
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Definition
| Active at night and at rest during the day. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Active during the day and at rest at night. |
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Definition
| A suborder of the primates that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. |
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Definition
| A suborder of the primates that includes New World monkeys, Old world monkeys, and apes (including humans). |
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Definition
| A general level of biological organization seen among a group of species, useful for constructing evolutionary relationships. |
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Definition
| An anthropoid infraorder that includes New World monkeys. |
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Definition
| An anthropoid infraorder that includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. |
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Definition
| In the alternate primate taxonomy, the suborder that includes the lemurs and lorises without the tarsiers. |
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Definition
| In the alternate primate taxonomy, the suborder that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. |
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Definition
| The number of each tooth type (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) on one half of each jaw. Unlike other mammals, primates possess equal numbers on their upper and lower jaws so the dental formula for the species is a single series of numbers. |
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Definition
| Within a single species, differences in the shape or size of a feature for males and females body features not directly related to reproductions such a body size or canine tooth shape and size. |
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