Term
| What are the six classes of nutrients? Which provide energy? Which perform structural roles? Which are involved in regulatory roles? |
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Definition
| The Six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, Fats, proteins, minerals, water, and vitamins. Carbohydrates Fats and proteins provide energy. Proteins, Minerals and Water perform structural roles. Proteins, minerals, water and vitamins are involved in regulatory roles. |
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Term
| Define maintenance ration. Give an example of an animal that might be on a maintenance ration. |
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Definition
| They are usually in a nonproductive period of their life. For example, the feed requirement of mature beef cows would be close to maintenance just after weaning of their calves but before significant needs for pregnancy occur. Another example would be adult horses not being worked or exercised. |
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Term
| When is growth of an animal most rapid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give several examples of the need for nutrients for productive purposes. |
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Definition
| Young animals must receive a ration highly concentrated in nutrients, such as milk, or a highly digestible ration to help ensure early and proper growth and development. Wool production also has special nutrient requirements because of the high content of protein in the wool fiber. |
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Term
| What is the main source of energy in livestock and poultry rations? |
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Definition
| The main source of energy in most livestock and poultry rations are carbohydrates. |
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Term
| Give two examples of polysaccharides that are commonly present in livestock feeds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which major polysaccharide cannot be efficiently used by non-ruminant animals? Why? |
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Definition
| Cellulose. IT can not be efficiently used by non ruminants because the lack the enzyme cellulase. |
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Term
| Name three 6-Carbon sugars. Which is the most prevalent sugar of the body? |
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Definition
| Starch, cellulose and Glycogen are examples of 6 carbon sugars. Starch is the principal energy source for monogastrics. Cellulose is a major source of energy for ruminants. |
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Term
| What effect does the amount of lignin in a feed have upon its nutritive content? |
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Definition
| The lignin content rapidly increases as plants mature. Because it is indigestible and prevents some of the more digestible carbohydrates from being digested. |
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Term
| Define crude fiber and NFE. name a feed high in fiber and low in NFE. name a feed low in fiber and high in NFE. |
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Definition
| Crude fiber is mainly lignin and cellulose and is the residue remaining after a food has been subjected to a standardized treatment with dilute acid and alkali. Crude fiber measurements usually underestimate actual total dietary fiber by at least 50%. Nitrogen Free Extract is part of a feed consisting largely of sugars and starches. |
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Term
| How much more concentrated are fats as an energy source than most carbohydrates? What is at typical amount of fat in most forages and cereal grains? |
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Definition
| A pound of digested fat has bout 2.25 more times the energy value of a pound of digested carbohydrate or protein. The typical amount of fat in most grains and roughage's contain less than 5 percent fat. |
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Term
| What is the composition of a triglyceride? What is the major reason some fats are liquid and others are solid at room temperature? |
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Definition
| The major composition of a triglyceride, or true fat molecules, is composed of three fatty acid unites chemically united with glycerol. Some fats are liquid at room temperature because they are unsaturated because of the presence of double bonds between some carbons. Some fats are solid at room temperature because they are saturated, meaning they do not have any double bonds on their carbon chain. |
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Term
| Is it true that non-ruminant (pig, chicken) will tend to have the same type of body fat as that consumed in its feed? Is this also true for ruminants? Explain |
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Definition
| In monogastrics, they tend to deposit they type of fat consumed in their ration. If a polyunsaturated oil is fed to pigs, their body fat tends to be softer, a feature not desired by companies that slaughter and process meant, nor by the consumer. This does not occur when fats are included in low amounts in the ration of ruminants, because the microorganisms in the rumen bring about saturation of the fatty acids. |
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Term
| In addition to providing energy, name two other reasons fats might be included in a ration. |
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Definition
| Fats might be included in a ration because it aids the absorption of vitamins A,D, E, and K from the digestive system, and it cushions and protects vital organs in the body. |
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Term
| Which elements do amino acids always contain? |
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and usually sulfur |
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Term
| Explain the difference in the definition of essential and nonessential amino acids. |
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Definition
| Essential Amino Acids are needed for body function, but the body tissues cannot make, or cannot make rapidly enough to meet their needs. Non-essential amino acids are needed by the animal, but because it can be formed from other amino acids, it does not have to be contained in the proteins in the ration of an animal. |
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Term
| Which of the following would not need all essential amino acids in their ration: cattle, chickens, sheep, horse, swine, goats, young calves, lamb, foals? |
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Definition
| Cattle, sheep, and goats do not need all essential amino acids due to the microorganisms in their stomach |
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Term
| Define NPN and indicate a possible use for it. |
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Definition
| Nonprotein Nitrogen refers to components in feed that contains nitrogen not incorporated into protein, such as urea. Usable by ruminants. |
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Term
| In addition to water per se, indicate two other sources of water for use by the animal's body. |
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Definition
| Metabolic water and Water contained in the feed are sources of water for use by the animal's body. |
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Term
| Indicate how water and feed dry matter intake are related. |
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Definition
| Water content of feeds has a direct effect upon the amount of dry matter consumed per pound of feed. For example, A feed containing 80 percent water, such as immature grass, contains about 20 percent dry matter. |
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Term
| Give examples where animals might not receive adequate amounts of water. |
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Definition
| Animals might not receive an adequate amount of water when water supplies may be greatly reduced due to severe drought conditions, faulty water valves can reduce water flow, Diarrhea in young animals, etc. |
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Term
| Distinguish between macro and micro nutrients. |
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Definition
| Macro nutrients are normally present in the body at levels greater than 100 ppm and are usually expressed as a percent of the ration. The micro minerals are usually present in the body at levels less than 100 ppm and are typically expressed as parts per million of the ration. |
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Term
| List three important functions of minerals. |
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Definition
| Minerals are important in regulation of certain body processes and energy metabolism, they can be integral parts of key body compounds, they can serve as catalysts in digestion and metabolism. |
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Term
| List three minerals considered to be toxic at relatively low levels. |
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Definition
| Three minerals that are considered to be toxic at relatively low levels are: Selenium, Fluorine, and Molybdenum. |
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Term
| Distinguish between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins and how they are absorbed and stored in the body. |
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Definition
Fat soluble vitamins involve their movement with fatty acids across the intestinal wall into the lymph system, to be transported to the cells via the bloodstream, fat soluble vitamins must be made soluble, body reserves in the fat soluble vitamins tend to be greater than that of water soluble vitamins.
Water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream where they move freely in the blood, and when water soluble vitamins are consumed in excess, they are largely excreted from the body. |
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Term
| What are two examples where certain vitamins can be provided from sources other than the feed? |
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Definition
| Sources of vitamins other than feed are: the Sun and Vitamin K is produced by bacteria in the digestive system. |
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Term
| Distinguish between gross and net energy of a feed. |
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Definition
| A gross energy of a feed is the heat yielded by burning and the Net Energy of a feed is the energy available for maintenance and growth or lactation. |
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