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| The combination of disciplines that together comprise of the study of animals. |
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| The combination of science and art used to cultivate and grow crops and livestock and process the products. |
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| Appearances of the domestic species |
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| Sheep, goats, hogs, cattle, horses, donkeys, and chickens. |
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| Genetics, nutrition, physiology, animal health, ethology, meat science, dairy product science, and biotechnology |
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lots of good nutrients for the amount of calories
Good source of vitamins, minerals, and protein
fills you up |
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| Sum of adjustments occurring in an organism that promotes it welfare and favors its survival in a specific environment |
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Climatic, nutritional, internal, geographical, and social
(SINGC) |
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Morphological, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral
BAMP |
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| Tropical Deserts Cold and Temperate (CTDT) |
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2 season (dry and wet)
forced to move from area to area
extreme heat
diseases and parasites |
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Shortage of water
extreme heat
wind stress |
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cold stress
availability of food |
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ZERO =]
Most productive environment |
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Muslims don't eat pork
Judaism eat no pork and only kosher
Hindu don't eat cows |
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Small propotion of the population farm
highly specialized
highly mechanized
high per capita income
high literacy rate |
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Half of the population farms
eats roughly what they produce and have very little to sell
little mechanization
low per capitia income
low literacy rate |
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total population is involved in farming
scarcity of food/ low nutrition
no/ little mechanization
extremely low per capitia income
very few literate individuals |
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| study of how the body's needs and mechanism of acquiring, digesting, transporting, and metabolizing nutrients |
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| substance in the diet that supports body function |
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lubricates, regulates body temperature, solvent, transporting
needs met by drinking, eating, and metabolic reactions. |
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sugars, starches, cellulose
provides energy
cellulose found in forages |
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long chains of amino acids
uses: lean tissues, enzymes, hormones, body metabolic reactions, heat , insulation, and protection |
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esters of fatty acids and glycerol
source of energy and essential fatty acids
2.25 more energy of carbs
carry fat soluble vitamins |
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Organic compounds that we only need small amounts of
Fat soluble
-regulate body functions
-uses: vision, clotting, tissue maintenance, growth
Water soluble
-metabolic reactions |
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inorganic compunds that make up the bones and teeth
important in enzyme systems
serves in mineral/vitamin interrelations
maintain acid base balance |
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maintaining constant weight and temperature
nutrients are needed for basal metabolism and normal movements |
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Process on increasing body weight
body requires good-quality nutrients in relatively large amounts |
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final growth and fattening phase
energy feeds are required
rely on carbs and fats because protein feeds are more expensive |
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Output of products (eggs, milk, wool)
Output of actual work (packing mules, working dogs, horses, etc.) |
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Least essential function
body condition is a good indicator of an animal's nutritional status |
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| Refers to the mix of feed ingredients to an animal |
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| refers to the amount of the diet fed of an animal in a 24 hour period |
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| process by which the animal brings food into its mouth by bitting and grasping |
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Process of chewing food to mechanically reduce size of food particles.
ruminants typically regurgitate their food and rechew it |
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| the mixing of saliva with food during mastication |
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| the passing of food to the stomach by peristaltic waves of muscle contractions |
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| In stomach acid is secreted and mixed with the food to begin chemical breakdown of feed. Once food passes out stomach it enters the small intestine where further digestion and absorbance occurs. |
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Duodenum: bile and pancreatic enzymes are secreted and is a major site of chemical breakdown of food
jejunum: longest part of the small intestines and the main function is a absorption
Ileum: some absorbance occurs but primarily it serves as a connection to the large intestines. |
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function is to scvenage water, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and VFA's
Made up of the colon caecum and rectum |
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| elimination of excrement from the body via the rectum |
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process of urination.
major way that excess nitrogen is excreated in the form of urea (mammals) or uric acid (birds and other) |
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| the wall has many papillae (fingerlike projections), which aids in absorption. |
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| lies in front and below and is essentially an open compartment where microbial reactions happen. |
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| function is absorption of water and VFA's and reducing particle size of feed. |
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rumen, reticulum, and omasum
Microbial in the forestomach can utilize NPN (non-protein nitrogen) |
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| Stomach equivalent to simple stomach animals. |
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| Reticular or esophageal groove |
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| it diverts milk directly from the esophagus into abomasums in the baby calf. |
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| small, constant feeding is nesscary |
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| major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients |
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Microbial fermentation takes place
hindgut fermentor
VFA's absorbed and used for energy
microbial protein not utilized much by horse. |
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| eating feces by horses usually die to severe protein deficient diet. |
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| are less efficient than ruminants in feed and therefore must have better quality feed (protein) |
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| The physical appearance on the animal. (it they have a horn or not) |
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| The genetic makeup of the animal |
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