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| allowing animals to eat all they want at all times |
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| abbreviation for artificial insemination |
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| that time when a female is not in estrus; the non-breeding season |
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| animals having a common origin and characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species |
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| the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 15 degrees C to 16 degrees C |
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| the first milk given by a female following delivery of her young. Contains high levels of antibodies which are absorbed by the young for quick immunity |
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| increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment |
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| a feed that is high in energy, low in fiber content, and highly digestible |
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| to eliminate from the breeding population |
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| refers to non-lactating females (mare, cow, ewe, sow) |
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Term
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| abbreviation for embryo transfer |
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Term
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| an adjective meaning "heat" that modifies such words as "cycle". Estrous cycle is the heat cycle, or time from one heat period to the next |
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Definition
| controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time |
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Definition
| the period of mating activity in the female |
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Definition
| the capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reprdouction |
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Definition
| the contents of the digestive tract |
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| term of pregnancy; i.e. 340 days in mare |
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Definition
| half the normal number of chromosomes. Found in sperm and ova |
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Definition
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| period that female produces milk |
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| refers to non-pregnant females |
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| a feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy. Such feeds as hay, straw, silage, and pasture are examples |
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Term
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Definition
| total digestible nutrients; it includes the total amounts of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, fiber, and fat (multiplied by 2.25) all added together. Approximates energy content |
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Definition
| taking a young animal from its dam (mother) |
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Definition
| the value of a carcass for consumption |
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Definition
| a set of animals of the same sex and breed that have been raised under similar environmental and management conditions |
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| color of the lean in the carcass; has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter |
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| Dairy Herd Improvement Association. Dairy herds participate in keeping records |
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| animals that need further feeding prior to slaughter. Also a producer who feeds cattle |
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| common denominator for measuring animal feed requirements where one animal unit is equivalent to the feed requirement for a 1000 lb. mature beef cow |
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Definition
| amount of feed or forage required to maintain one animal unit (e.g., a 1000 lb. cow and calf) for one month |
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Definition
| product produced by living organisms such as yeast that destroys or inhibits the growth of other organisms, especially bacteria |
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Term
| Artificial insemination (A.I.) |
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Definition
| placing semen into the female reproductive tract (usually the cervix or uterus) by means other than natural service |
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Term
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Definition
| market for animals through which an auctioneer sells the animal to the highest bidder |
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Definition
| pounds of liveweight gained per day |
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Definition
| amount of fat over the animal's back, usually measured at the twelfth to thirteenth rib |
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Term
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Definition
| use of microorganisms, plant cells, and animal cells or parts of cells (such as enzymes) to produce |
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Term
| Birth weight (BW or B.Wt.) |
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Definition
| weight of the animal taken within 24 hours of its birth |
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Definition
| (1)permanent identification of cattle or horses, usually made on the hide with hot-iron or freeze branding (2) process of branding |
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| volume of output required for revenue to equal the total of fixed and variable expenses |
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Definition
| in most breed associations, the owner of the dam at the time she was mated or bred to produce offspring |
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Definition
| contagious bacterial disease that results in abortion; also called Bang's disease |
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Definition
| product of considerably less value than the major product |
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Definition
| meat cuts received by the retailer that do not require further processing before they are put in the retail case for selling |
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Definition
| price that results when livestock go to market |
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| breed that has been formed by crossing 2 or more breeds |
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Term
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Definition
| usually refers to the carcass composition of fat, lean, and bone |
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Definition
| total of all costs divided by the total pounds gained; usually expressed on a per pound basis |
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Definition
| mating animals from different breeds. Utilized to take advantage of hybrid vigor (heterosis) and breed complimentarity |
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| abbreviation for hundredweight (100 lb.) |
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Definition
| method of identification by which a numbered, lettered, and/or colored tag is placed in the ear |
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Definition
| transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more recipient females |
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Term
| EPD (expected progeny difference) |
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Definition
| one-half of the breeding value of a sire or dam |
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Definition
| enterprise in which cattle are fed grain and other concentrates for usually 90-120 days |
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Definition
| grazed or harvested herbaceous plants that are utilized by ruminants or horses |
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Term
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Definition
| electronic market through which buyers and sellers trade contracts on commodities or raw materials |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA in the chromosome that codes for a trait and determines how a trait will develop |
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Definition
| marketing transaction whereby payment is made on the bases of carcass weight and quality grade |
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Term
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Definition
| risk management strategy that allows a producer to lock in a price for a given commodity at a specified time |
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Term
| Integrated resource management (IRM) |
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Definition
| multidisciplinary approach to managing cattle more efficiently and profitably |
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Term
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Definition
| bringing together of two or more segments of beef productions and processing under one centrally organized unit |
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Definition
| fat located between muscle systems. Also called seam fat |
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Term
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Definition
| fat within the muscle or marbling |
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Definition
| meat from ruminant animals (with split hooves) that have been slaughtered according to Jewish law |
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Definition
| any plant type within the family Leguminosae, such as pea, bean, alfalfa, and clover |
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Definition
| form of inbreeding whereby a bull's genes are concentrated in a herd |
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Definition
| flecks of intramuscular fat distributed in muscle tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue of the animal body that are used for food |
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Definition
| amount of essential nutrients relative to the number of calories in a given amount of food |
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Definition
| facility in which livestock are slaughtered and processed |
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Term
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Definition
| rotation of animals from one pasture to another so that some pasture areas have no livestock grazing on them during certain periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| process that shows how the specific price for a given quantity and quality of beef is determined |
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Definition
| animal eligible for registry with a recognized breed association |
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Definition
| firm that purchases beef (usually from a packer), then performs some fabrication before selling the beef to another firm |
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Definition
| grades such as Prime, Choice, and Select that group slaughter cattle and carcasses into value- and palatability-based categories. Grades are determined primarily by marbling and age of animal |
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Definition
| feed fed to an animal during a 24-hour period |
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Definition
| meat from cattle, sheep, swine, and goats |
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Definition
| recorded in the herdblood of a breed |
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Definition
| cuts of beef in sizes that are purchased by the consumer |
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Definition
| a compartment of the ruminant stomach that is similar to a large fermentation pouch where bacteria and protozoa break down fibrous plant material swallowed by the animal |
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Term
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Definition
| mammal whose stomach has four parts- rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasums. Cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and elk are ruminants |
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Definition
| forage, corn fodder, or sorghum preserved by fermentation that produces acids similar to the acids used to make pickled foods for people |
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Definition
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Definition
| new breed created by crossing two or more breeds with estimated blood percentages |
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Definition
| sires used in a crossbreeding system in which all their progeny, both male and female, are marketed |
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Definition
| encased group of mammary glands of the female |
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Term
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Definition
| using high-frequency sound waves to show visual outlines of internal body structures (e.g., fat thickness, rib-eye area, and pregnancy can be predicted). The machine sends sound waves into the animal and records these waves as they bounce off the tissues |
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Definition
| marketing system based on paying for individual animal differences rather then using average prices |
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Definition
| separating young animals from their dams so that the offspring can no longer suckle |
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