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| Three functions of the neural system in organisms |
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Definition
Receive sensory information from the environment
Process information
Produce motor output |
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| Three parts in the process of information |
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Definition
transduction of the signal
communication among neurons
integration of signals at neural soma |
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| At the minimum, information must go through the |
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Definition
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| Sensory information is acquired and encoded by ______ cells and is filtered and processed by neurons in the ____. This information is integrated with info from other sensory _______ and with ________, eventually activating motor neurons that control _______ to produce appropriate behaviors. |
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Definition
receptor
CNS
modalities
memories
effectors |
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| A monosynaptic reflex arc consists of |
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Definition
| a receptor neuron that synapses onto a motor neuron, which activates muscle fibers |
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| When neurons are interconnected, |
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Definition
activity can be coordinated
synchronization of muscle contraction
more effective locomotion |
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| Peripheral nerve trunks emerge laterally and carry ____ and ____ axons to |
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Definition
motor
sensory
viscera, muscles, and skin |
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| Neuronal somata are located |
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Definition
| on the surface of the ganglion |
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| Processes of neuronal somata are located |
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| in the neurophil located inside of the ganglion |
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Term
| Crayfish: Each segment of the body houses |
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Definition
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| Crayfish: connectives contain ____ that carry info between ganglia. The nerve roots that link ganglia contain ___ and ___ axons |
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| Nervous systems are based primarily on one cell type: |
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| Organization of Nervous systems are based on |
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| Evolutionary trend towards |
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| centralization and cephalization |
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| Complex organisms have more ______ than simpler organisms |
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| Complexification of N.S. involves _____ to the basic system, not ________ |
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| The relative size of brain regions related to a sensory function is related to its |
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Definition
| necessity for the survival of that species |
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| Vertebrates in particular, brain topography resembles |
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| Info about environment is acquired by ______ receptors and is brought to CNS by ____ neurons. Animals response is shaped by ______ neurons. |
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Definition
sensory
sensory
motor (efferent) |
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| Two types of motor system |
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Definition
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Definition
voluntary
controls skeletal muscles |
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| The ANS is divided into two parts |
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Definition
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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Definition
| smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as glands |
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Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid and the vertebrae |
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| The information goes into the |
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| The motor output comes out the |
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| composed of myelinated axons (lipids) |
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Definition
| cell bodies and dendrites. Where a lot of our synapses occur |
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| Each segment of the spinal cord is connected to structures in the periphery by paired ______ _____, through which ______ signals enter, and by paired ______ _____, through which _____ signals leave. |
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Definition
dorsal roots
afferent
ventral roots
efferent |
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Term
| Vertebrae are separated by |
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Definition
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| increases with complexity in vertebrates |
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| maintained throughout organisms |
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| Cerebellum is highly developed in |
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| Cranial nerves are along a ________ axis of symmetry |
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| In the frog, ____ common olfactory nerves…this is preserved among many vertebrate species |
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| Neurons are only _ percent of the brain |
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| The rest of the brain is called |
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Definition
considered the cement of the brain. Architecture of the brain. They are also being implicated in maintaining the integrity of the CSF.
o Also may be involved in some kind of synaptic clearance of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| known to provide myelin sheath to the axons. Found in the CNS. Schwan cells do the same thing OUTSIDE the CNS. |
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Definition
| line the fluid filled cavities of the brain. The FFCavities of the brain provide the CSF of the brain. There is a non-random pattern of flow of CSF in the brain. |
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| a number of resident tissue macrophages. Provide on site protection. |
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| integration of visual information |
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| integrates hearing, memory, and learning |
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| motor association, integrates inputs to determine of how we will move. |
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| There is a large amount of association areas – |
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| increase in amount of allotted brain space proportion in animals that are larger and more complex |
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| Information coming from the ___ and ____ occupy about half of the human somatosensory cortex |
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| responsible for respiration, depth of breathing, breathing rhythm. Integration of autonomic system. |
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| equilibrium. Bigger animals have a more convoluted one. Associated with coordination of motor input and output. Not directly connected to the spinal cord. |
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Definition
| hub. All sensory information comes in, serves as a relay station. |
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| lower than the thalamus, receives blood from general circulation. Not protected by the blood brain barrier. It monitors the condition of the body. Control and regulation of survival system. |
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| thalamus and hypothalamus spreads to rest of brain |
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Definition
| can integrate normal information and “tune it out.” Can also recognize alarming noises |
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| Three protective layers in a human brain |
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Definition
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater |
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Definition
| underneath skull. Relatively speaking, hard to pierce |
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Definition
| thin ,spiderlike veins. Contains the capillaries that service the brain. Exchange with the ventricals that contain the CSF |
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| membrane layer just underneath arachnoid mater. Follows every nook and cranny of the brain. |
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| Reasons for a lot of exchange in capillaries (4) |
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Definition
-The exchange surface is very thin – one cell thin
-Don’t have sealed up gaps – allows for exchange through pores
-Lipid soluble substances can diffuse across the endothial wall (very rare)
-Most things go through pores |
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Term
| Brain capillaries characteristics |
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Definition
-thickness
-Pores sealed by tight junctions
-More regulated method of exchange
-No bulk flow
-Must move things from the plasma into the EC fluid of brain by carrier mediated transport
-For example, glucose will have to cross two membranes in this, as opposed to flowing in with water in a regular capillary
-Astrocytes form a loose wall around the capillary, allows for tiny bits of bulk flow around them.
-Lipids can make it across the blood-brain barrier
-Really a barrier to hydrophyllic substances |
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| Parasympathetic is like the |
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| Organs are ____ ________ by the two systems |
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| From the spinal cord to the organ, we require two neurons |
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Definition
| preganglionic and postganglionic |
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Term
| Both systems have a common length to travel, but the sympathetic nervous system _________ seem to be longer than the postganglionic nerves |
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Definition
| thoracic and lumbar regions |
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Term
| Parasympathetic comes from |
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Definition
| cervical and sacral regions |
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Term
| The soma of preganglionic nerves lie within |
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Definition
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| Preganglionic neuron synapses in a _______ _____ onto a _______ neuron, which contacts the target ______. |
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Definition
peripheral ganglion
postganlionic
organ |
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Term
| The preganglionic neurons of both divisions are _______, but the neurotransmitters of postganglionic neurons _____. |
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Definition
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| Postganglionic neurons of parasympathstic |
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Definition
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| Postganglionic neurons of sympathetic |
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Definition
| adrenergic, using nonrepinephrine as a neurotransmitter |
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| Presynaptic neurons synapses in |
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| Postsynaptic neurons synapses on |
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Definition
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| The functional unit of the ANS is the |
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Definition
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Term
Autonomic Reflex Arc:
Sensory info passes directly through the _____ _____ ______, synapsing in the CNS. Motor output from higher centers synapses onto a _______ neuron whose soma is located in the CNS, which in turn synapses onto _______ neurons in a ______ ______ _______, located outside of the CNS. Postganglionic neurons synapse onto the _____ _____. |
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Definition
sympathetic chain ganglion
preganglionic
postganglionic neurons
synpathetic chain ganglion
target organs |
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Term
| The neurotransmitter that is used in all autonomic synapses |
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Definition
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| Postganglionic neurons often have special structures in place of |
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Definition
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| Sympathetic chain ganglion |
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Definition
| very close to the spinal cord |
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Definition
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| The efferent pathway of the somatic nervous system contains |
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| Somatic system innervates |
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Definition
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| Somatic neuron emanates from the |
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| Junction between motor neuron and muscle is the |
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Definition
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| Receptors on skeletal muscles are |
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Definition
| ligand gated ion channels (the ligand in this case is acetylcholine) |
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| The receptors on the postganglionic neuron that accept Ach are called |
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Definition
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| Parasympathetic only uses ____. The receptor on the effector is a different kind of receptor called _______ that accepts Ach. G protein linked |
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| Adrenalin and norepinephrine are secreted to the ______, which makes them _________ |
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| Blood vessels receptor type and effect |
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Definition
a1, a2 - constriction
b2 - dilation |
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| Heart receptor type and effect |
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Definition
B1 - tachycardia; increased contractility
a1 - increased contractility |
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| Bronchi receptor type and effect |
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| Thrombocytes receptor type and effect |
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| Kidneys receptor type and effect |
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Definition
a1, a2 - vasoconstriction
b1, b2 - renin release, inhibition tubular sodium reabsorption |
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| Adipocytes receptor type and effect |
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Definition
A2 - inhibition lipolysis
b1, b2, b3 - lipolysis |
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