Term
| Sensory perception depends on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory receptors are specialized to |
|
Definition
| respond to certain stimuli |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In many receptors, a sensory signal is ______ amplified within the receptor cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intracellular chemical signal must cause membrane channels to ______, which produces a _______ signal that is carried to the _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 basic patterns of transmission of sensory information to the CNS by action potentials. In two types of receptor cells, the receptor current rises at a ______ zone in the ______ membrane and spreads ________ to depolarize at the spike initiating zone. In both cells, the axon of the receptor cell goes into the _____. Difference between one and two is the ____ of one is located far away from the ____, and the opposite true for cell 2. |
|
Definition
specialized
receptor
electrotonically.
CNS
Soma
CNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| invertebrate sensory organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertebrate touch receptors |
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Term
| Cell three: cell does not itself produce ___, but releases a _________ at a synapse that modulates AP production in an _______ neuron. in many cases, the receptor itself is not a ______, but synapses into a primary afferent neuron. |
|
Definition
AP
neurotransmitter
afferent
neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The molecular mechanism for sensory reception in visual photoreceptors resembles ___________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscarinic neurotransmission and photoreceptors begin with a structural change in a __________ protein which interacts with a _____-binding protein (___ protein) to act on intracellular _______ ________ which modifies conductance through ion channels. This modifies patterns of AP in ______ _____. |
|
Definition
transmembrane
GTP
G
second messengers
afferent neurons |
|
|
Term
| Opsin has _____ helical domains that span the membrane. Used in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmit information about the amount the muscles are stretched |
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|
Term
| Each stretch receptor consists of a _____ neuron that has stretch-sensitive _______ embedded in a bundle of special muscle fibers. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
A small, sustained depolarization of a stretch receptor leads to ______ AP.
Sustained depolarization leads to ______ AP. In both cases, the ______ outlasts the production of APS. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of muscle fibers: |
|
Definition
| intrafusal and extrafusal |
|
|
Term
| Primary endings of afferent fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary endings of afferent fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| There is an intrafusal _______ of fibers. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 transduction operations found within sensory receptors (in order) |
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Definition
1.Detection
2. Amplification
3. Encoding and discrimination
4. Adaptation and termination
5. Gating of ion channels
6. Electrical response of the membrane
7. Transmission to brain |
|
|
Term
| Detection found within single cells |
|
Definition
| mechanisms that select stimulus modality: filters, carriers, tuning, inactivation |
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|
Term
| Detection found within cell population |
|
Definition
| mechanisms that select stimulus modality: filters, carriers, tuning, inactivation |
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|
Term
| Amplification found within single cells |
|
Definition
-Positive feedback among chemical reactions or membrane channels
-Signal-to-noise enhancement
-Active processes in membranes |
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|
Term
| Amplification found in cell populations |
|
Definition
-Positive feedback among cells
-Signal to noise enhancement |
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|
Term
| Encoding and discrimination found within single cells |
|
Definition
-Intensity coding
-Temporal differentiation
-Quality coding |
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|
Term
| Encoding and discrimination found within cell populations |
|
Definition
-Different dynamic ranges among cells
-Independent coding of quality and intensity
-Center-surround antagonisms
-Opponent mechanisms |
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|
Term
| Adaptation and termination found within single cells |
|
Definition
-Desensitization
-Negative feedback
-Temporal discrimination
-Repetitive responses |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation and termination found in cell populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gating of ion channels found within single cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrical response of the membrane found within single cells |
|
Definition
| depolarization or hyperpolarization |
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|
Term
| Transmission to brain found within single cells |
|
Definition
-Electrotonic spread
-Number and frequency of APs
-Synaptic transmission |
|
|
Term
| Transmission to brain found within cell populations |
|
Definition
-Spatial patterns: map and image formation
-Temporal patterns: directional selectivity, ect. |
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|
Term
| Photoreceptor sensory modality |
|
Definition
Vision/light sensitivity
Circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
| Chemoreceptor sensory modality |
|
Definition
| gustation and smell (overall taste) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanoreceptor sensory modality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle stretch/movement of fluid |
|
|
Term
| Propioreceptor sensory modality |
|
Definition
| position of joints, muscle activity, position of body in space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nocioreceptor sensory modality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A recording of APs along a crayfish can either be made in the _____ or the ______ |
|
Definition
Soma - intracellular
axon - extracellular |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks the AP, but the receptor potential remains |
|
|
Term
| The two pathways to the CNS |
|
Definition
1. Receptor cells generate and carry APs into the CNS
2. Receptor cells synaptically modulate APs in afferent neurons that carry the signal to the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Type of stimulus (stimulus modality)mechanism of coding |
|
Definition
| Distinguished by the type of receptor activated and the specific pathway over which this information is transmitted to a particular area of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| Location of stimulus mechanism of coding |
|
Definition
| Distinguished by the location of the activated receptor field and the pathway that is subsequently activated to transmit this information to the area of the somatosensory cortex representing that particular location |
|
|
Term
| Intensity of stimulus (stimulus strength)mechanism of coding |
|
Definition
| Distinguished by the frequency of action potentials initiated in an activated afferent neuron and the number of receptors (and afferent neurons) activated |
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Term
|
Definition
| coded by the pathway from stimulus to the specific area of the brain devoted to that modality (visual input to occipital lobe for example) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large stimuli larger number of action potentials ( a receptor receiving a threshold crossing stimulus can increase the frequency of AP firings depending on how much over threshold the stimulus is) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coded by both tonic and phasic responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sensitivity range of a receptor |
|
|
Term
| (Dynamic range) there is an upper limit on the receptor current because |
|
Definition
| of the number ion channels present in the receptor membrane |
|
|
Term
| (Dynamic range) There is an upper limit on the frequency APs fired in a neuron because of |
|
Definition
| refractory periods of the ion channels determines the time separating the APs propagating along the axon |
|
|
Term
| Tonic and phasic responses contribute to the |
|
Definition
| dynamic range of a particular sense organ |
|
|
Term
| Tonic receptors are ____ adapting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phasic receptors are _____ adapting and have an ____ ______. |
|
Definition
rapidly adapting
off response |
|
|
Term
| A tonic hair mechanoreceptor codes for the ________ ______, so the more the hair is displaced, the more ______ the ______ |
|
Definition
displacement angle
frequent
APs |
|
|
Term
| A phasic hair mechanoreceptor codes for the ______ which the hair is moved into the displacement angle, so the more _______ the hair moves, the more ______ the APs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in rate of position change |
|
|
Term
| Factors which contribute to dynamic range of sensory perception (3) |
|
Definition
1. The dynamic range of stimulus transduction (properties of the receptor as described)
2. Sensory adaptation
3. The dynamic range of the neural circuit (along the afferent pathway) processing the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Five parts of sensory adaption |
|
Definition
1. Mechanical filters (accessory structures of the receptor)
2. Fatigue “running down”
3. Inhibition of a enzyme-mediated reaction necessary for receptor activity
4. Electrical properties of the cell (related to the channels/transporters that it has)
5. Characteristics of the spike-initiating zone |
|
|
Term
| Similarly, the dynamic range of the neural circuit is influenced by |
|
Definition
| adaptation of neurons distal to the stimulus |
|
|
Term
Similarly, the dynamic range of the neural circuit is influenced by:
adaptation of neurons distal to the stimulus (3) |
|
Definition
1. Fatigue “running down”
2. Electrical properties of the cell (related to the channels/transporters that it has)
3. Characteristics of the spike-initiating zone |
|
|
Term
| Behavior of a tonic displacement detector. Its a mechanoreceptor responded to the steady displacement of hair by generating APs at a relatively constant _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptation in a Pacinian corpuscle depends primarily on the |
|
Definition
| mechanical properties of accessory structures |
|
|
Term
| Chemosensory organs typically consist of |
|
Definition
| receptor cells surrounded by supporting structures |
|
|
Term
| In vertebrate taste buds, the receptor cells are surrounded by _____ cells. These generate new ______ cells. Transduction takes place across the ______ membrane. The receptor cells do not themselves send axons to the CNS...instead they synaptically excite ____ _____ neurons that carry info. |
|
Definition
Basal
receptor
apical
primary afferent |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory receptors of vertebrates and insects themselves send |
|
Definition
| primary afferent axons to the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory receptors of vertebrates and insects as well as taste receptors of vertebrates extend fine processes into the ______ layer that covers the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each quality of taste is transduced by a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the transduction of salty and sour taste, ____ ions pass through the _______ sensitive Na+ channels in the ____ membrane of the taste receptor, directly ______ the receptor cell. |
|
Definition
Na
Amiloride
apical
depolarizing |
|
|
Term
| In the transduction of sour and some bitter tastes, ____ block ___ channels, allowing the slow resting leakage of ____ into the cell to _______ the receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ and other sweet compounds bind to receptors that activate the ___ protein, which activates ______ ______ and the increase of cAMP closes ___ channels in the _________ membrane, allowing a slow resting influx of ___ to depolarize the cell |
|
Definition
L-Alanine
G
adenylate cyclase
K
basolateral
Na |
|
|
Term
| ______ and some other sweet compounds bind to and open a ______-gated nonselective ______ channel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some bitter compounds bind to a receptor and activate the __ protein that is thought to increase the activity of ______ __, producing an increase in the synthesis of intracellular ____ from ____. An increase of ____ releases ___ from intracellular stores, and this increase in ____ increases the release of neurotransmitter in the receptor cell. |
|
Definition
G
phospholipase
IP3
PIP2
IP3
Ca
Ca |
|
|
Term
| Taste buds have similar machinery for glucose sensing |
|
Definition
| as do intestinal and pancreatic cells |
|
|
Term
| Transporters in fungiform |
|
Definition
| include GLUT2, GLUT4, and SGLT1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elaborate, area of the cell that is receptive to airborne chemicals. |
|
|
Term
| Chemicals must diffuse across and get ______ before it can be received |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vertebrate olfactory organs, air or water carrying ______ is moved across olfactory sensors during ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfactory receptor cells are located in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Odorants reach the vomeronasal organ through the ______ ____ opening into the ____ cavity, rather than the nostrils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is exposed to air flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of our oldest senses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can a vomeronasal organ sense? |
|
Definition
| chemicals that are emitted by ones own species – very distinct chemical subset. Has a significant sexual advantage. Can sense from long distances. |
|
|
Term
| At long distance: odorants flow into the ______ ______ through respiration, where receptors are located. After solvating in the moist ______ ________ oderants interact with the _______ |
|
Definition
nasal cavity
nasal epithelium
glomerus |
|
|
Term
| Receptors of the vertebrate nasal olfactory epithelium _______ in response to odordant molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptor proteins and synaptic sites vary among |
|
Definition
| olfactory receptor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory reception in the nose takes place by way of a ___ protein that controls _____ ______ and thus indirectly opens the ______-gated cation channels. The identity of the oderant is revealed by the _____ of receptors that are stimulated. Activation of the receptor leads to inward ________ current that depolarizes the neuron, generating APs in the neuron. |
|
Definition
g
adenylate cyclase
cAMP
cationic |
|
|
Term
| All olfactory receptors are |
|
Definition
protein linked receptors
OLF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thicker mucus makes it harder to |
|
Definition
| get the information to the brain – why it sucks to have a cold |
|
|
Term
| The number of receptors can be stimulated at different times |
|
Definition
| explains variation among smell |
|
|
Term
| Axons of receptors neurons synapse onto cells in the brain that are grouped into clusters called ________. Nasal olfactory receptors synapse in the _______ _____, and receptors that express a particular receptor protein all synapse onto one or a few _______. Vomeronasal receptors synapse onto ______ in the ______ ______ _____. |
|
Definition
glomeruli
olfactory bulb
glomeruli
accessory olfactory bulb |
|
|
Term
| Vomeronasal receptors fall into two distinct groups whose nuclei are located at two different ____ in the vomeronasal olfactory _______. Each cell only expresses one or a few _____. As with nasal receptors, cells expressing a particular receptor protein converge onto corresponding ________, but each vomeronasal receptor typically projects to a ______ number of _______ than do nasal receptor. |
|
Definition
depths
epithelium
proteins
glomeruli
larger
glomeruli |
|
|
Term
| Sensory acuity is determined by |
|
Definition
density of receptors
lateral inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detect acuity of the sensation |
|
|
Term
| Semicircular canal and cochlea are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waves cause the movement of the membrane which causes movement of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semicircular canal is embedded in the x y and z space – helps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are hair cells modified neurons or specialized receptor cells? |
|
Definition
| Specialized receptor cells |
|
|
Term
| The human organs of audition and equilibrium are located in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cilia of the hair cells in the semicircular canals are embedded in a ______ ________. When fluid moves in the canal, the cupula bends the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particles called ______ rest on the cilia of the hair cells in the _____. Changes in the position of the animal's head cause the ______ to shift position, changing how much the _____ are bent. |
|
Definition
otoliths
saccules
otoliths
cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slightly continuous between vestibuli and tympani |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between media and tympani (on basilar membrane) Signal is at least close to the receptor cells |
|
|
Term
| Some pressure can be distributed by the |
|
Definition
| oval window, pressure valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher pitch – high energy |
|
|
Term
| High frequencies can travel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can distinguish frequency by the |
|
Definition
| place that they deflect hair cells |
|
|
Term
| Pitch sensitivity: Place theory |
|
Definition
| Sounds of different frequencies maximally displace the basilar membrane at various locations |
|
|
Term
| Organ of corti sits on the _____ membrane, _____ cells embedded in it. Hairs moving up and down presses on _______ membrane, which exaggerates the movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sound stimuli are transduced by _____ cells in the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cilia of all hair cells are bathed in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cilia of the outer hair cells are embedded in the _____ layer of the _______ membrane. The basal ends of the outer hair cells connect to the ______ membrane through ________ cells |
|
Definition
gelatinous
tectorial
basilar
Dieter's |
|
|
Term
| _____ cells provide structural support for the organ of corti |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both inner and outer hair cells contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tectorial membrane is denser and has ______. Exaggerating movement of the hair cells because the _______ bends the hair cells more. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For tectorial membrane, the depolarizing ion is mostly ____. Endolymph is ______ in K. It matters what the NERNST is. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For echolocation, you must have |
|
Definition
bilateral ears
an organ of corti
cochlea puts their organ of corti in an x y and z axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening in a tinnnyyy little hole. However, it is fuzzy. No lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending the light ray. Can be spherical, concave, ect. They bend the rays to points which converge on the backround. This is what allows us to generate a focused lens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more light ray capture and brings it into a single point. We see this in animals who live in low light. |
|
|
Term
| Vertebrates have a eye organ that has a ______ lens which brings it to a _______ point. Lens can be bent to get _______ ______ and focus |
|
Definition
concave
focus
depth perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptors that sit on a dark epithelial background (supportive of generating an image). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shallow open pit lined by photoreceptor cells cells that are blacked by a screening pigment |
|
|
Term
| In compound eyes, each individual photoreceptor synapses on an ________ _____. This results in almost a ______ picture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We have four major layers in our eye |
|
Definition
-Schlera
-Choroid
-Retina
-Photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood, delivers nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centric and cilliary pupillary muscles |
|
|
Term
| What causes the dilation of the pupil |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variable aperature so that it can direct and focus light onto the fovea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of sharpest image. The place of the most light path from lens and other layers, highest density of cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors that detect photon energy. They synapse onto other neurons. They are modified neurons. They synapse on bipolar cells which synapse onto ganglion cells. |
|
|
Term
| The bipolar and ganglion cells are not in the fovea, therefore |
|
Definition
| therefore light does not need to go through them |
|
|
Term
| Less light refraction, therefore fovea is |
|
Definition
| closer to darkened epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are for color and are highly sensitive – visual acuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Retinene (sensitive to light – came from Vitamin A) + opsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinine in 11-cis form (inactivated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinine changes shape to all-trans form (activated) |
|
|
Term
| In vertebrates, activated rhodopsin increases the activity of _______, a g protein. This activates ____ molecules, which reduces the intracellular concentration of _____, which leads to the closing of channels that carry the dark current. The receptor cell then ________. |
|
Definition
transducin
phoshodiesterase (PDE)
cGMP
hyperpolarizes |
|
|
Term
| In drosophilia photreceptors, light activated rhodopsin activates the ___ _____, which in turn activates eye specific __________ __. PLC causes a breakdown of the membrane phospholipid _____ into ____ and ____. These molecules lead to ____-selective channels in the rhabdomere to open, producing a ________. |
|
Definition
G protein
phospholipase C (PLC)
IP2
DAG
IP3
cation
depolarization |
|
|
