Term
| The concentration of Na+ is higher in the |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of K is higher in the |
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Definition
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Term
| Globular integral proteins embedded provide |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycoproteins have ________ side chains that are used for |
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Definition
oligosaccharide
cell recognition and communication. |
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Term
| Cholesterol molecules are located and purpose? |
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Definition
close to the heads of the phospholipid molecules
reduce membrane flexibility. |
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Term
| Rate of diffusion through the membrane is determined by what rule? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Increased molecular weight |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased membrane thickness |
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Definition
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Term
| The membrane permeability of a non electrolyte is highly dependent on it's |
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Definition
| oil/water partition coefficient. |
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Term
| Oil/water partition coefficient |
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Definition
| a measure of its ability to dissolve in and diffuse through the lipid bilayer |
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Term
| Permeability of nonelectrolytes is independent of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • A steady state within a cell characterized by uneven distribution of ions across a semi-permeable membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If a metabolic inhibitor that interferes with Na+ pumping is added |
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Definition
-Blocks outward transport of Na
-Intracellular concentration of Na rises
-Water enters osmotically
-Cell volume rises
-Causes cell to burst |
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Term
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Definition
| No net flux that is being maintained by energy |
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Term
| Cells regulate volume by transporting |
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Definition
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Term
| Equilibrium requires ______ to be maintained |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-don't require energy
-powered by concentration gradient or electrical gradient across the cell membrane |
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Term
| Passive diffusion solute properties |
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Definition
| likely to be lipid soluble and hydrophobic |
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Term
| Passive transport (facilitated diffusion) |
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Definition
a substance moves through a channel down an electrochemical gradient.
May be assisted by ionophores |
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Term
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Definition
| carrier proteins specific for ions |
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Term
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Definition
| carrier hydrolysis of ATP and can move solute independently of the concentration gradient |
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Term
| Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| transporter doesn’t hydrolyze ATP but uses energy from an earlier active transport |
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Term
| The kinetics of influx of a substance crossing a membrane depend on |
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Definition
| mechanism for that cell's movement |
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Term
| As solute concentration increases, the rate of influx |
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Definition
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Term
| With different kinds of solute, we expect different (kinetics) |
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Definition
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Term
| Through a channel, the rate of influx will |
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Definition
| plateau because the channels will become saturated |
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Term
| Carrier mediated transport slope |
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Definition
| also plateaus. However, it levels off at a lower concentration because the transporters become saturated more quickly. |
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Term
| Can characterize channels by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Transporters exhibit ________ kinetics |
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Definition
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Term
| The michaelis constant for glucose transporter is measured |
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Definition
| when transport is at 1/2Vmax |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of binding affinity that is analogous to Km on an enzyme for its substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion reaches a maximum |
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Term
| Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis describes |
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Definition
| energy transduction in the mitochondrion |
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Term
| Chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis |
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Definition
1. Membrane embedded protein complexes use energy from electron transfer to pump H+ against its concerntration gradient
2. H+ goes back in through ATP synthase, which releases energy
3. Energy is used by ATP synthase to make ATP
Inner membrane is impermeable to H+ |
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Term
| Chemiosmotic coupling process happens where? |
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Definition
| in the innner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| For every 4 H+ translocated outward |
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Definition
3 are used to synthesize one ATP molecule
1 is used to export ATP in exhange for ADP and P |
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Term
| Channels are selective for their ions by |
|
Definition
| size and electronegativity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-greater electronegativity
-exaggerates size and makes it more energetically costly to move ions
-Na has a bigger one than K |
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Term
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Definition
| integral membrane protein complexes that go outside the cell and interact. Very controlled, strong mechanical interaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| membranes knitted together with tight junction proteins, restrict passive movement between cells. Located in the border of epithelial cells (ex. digestive) |
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Term
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Definition
| communicating junction, connexion proteins. Intercellular proteins that interact on extracellular space. Forms a pore that allows for cystolic exchange. Smooth and cardiac muscle. |
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Term
| Epithelial tissues are composed of |
|
Definition
-sheets of epithelial cells connected by tight junctions
-columnar, microvilli oriented and knitted together
-thin regulated barrier |
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Term
|
Definition
| cavities and hollow organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| barriers affecting the transport and movement of water, solutes, and cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Substances cross epithelial layers by |
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Definition
| paracellular or trancellular pathways |
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Term
| Active transport only takes place across |
|
Definition
plasma membranes
trancellular pathway |
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Term
| Tight junctions limit ____ path |
|
Definition
paracellular path
water and ions |
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Term
| Transcellular path is regulated by |
|
Definition
| type of transporter in cell |
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Term
| Channels are selective for their ions by |
|
Definition
| size and electronegativity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-greater electronegativity
-exaggerates size and makes it more energetically costly to move ions
-Na has a bigger one than K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integral membrane protein complexes that go outside the cell and interact. Very controlled, strong mechanical interaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranes knitted together with tight junction proteins, restrict passive movement between cells. Located in the border of epithelial cells (ex. digestive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicating junction, connexion proteins. Intercellular proteins that interact on extracellular space. Forms a pore that allows for cystolic exchange. Smooth and cardiac muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial tissues are composed of |
|
Definition
-sheets of epithelial cells connected by tight junctions
-columnar, microvilli oriented and knitted together
-thin regulated barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavities and hollow organs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| barriers affecting the transport and movement of water, solutes, and cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances cross epithelial layers by |
|
Definition
| paracellular or trancellular pathways |
|
|
Term
| Active transport only takes place across |
|
Definition
plasma membranes
trancellular pathway |
|
|
Term
| Tight junctions limit ____ path |
|
Definition
paracellular path
water and ions |
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Term
| Transcellular path is regulated by |
|
Definition
| type of transporter in cell |
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Term
| Transepithelial Na+ transport depends on a combo of |
|
Definition
| diffusion and active transport |
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Term
| Transepithelial Na+ transport in frog skin |
|
Definition
1. Na+ diffuses passively down the concentration gradient into cell
2.K+ diffuses out of cell as it is displaced
3. Na/K exchange pump transports Na out of cell and K into cell |
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Term
| Na+ path is across _______, not between _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells have ____ layer, which |
|
Definition
one
increases absorption of nutrients
makes you more susceptible to pathogens |
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Term
| Pathogen susceptibility is decreased by |
|
Definition
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Term
| Using active Na transport, we can move |
|
Definition
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