Term
| Food------?--------> ATP (4 steps) |
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Definition
1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. absorption
4. metabolism |
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Term
| Most abundant form of organic carbon on earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Foregut (cows)
Hindgut (horses) Eek |
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Term
| Mechanical Digestion (mouth) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical Digestion (mouth) |
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Definition
Starch---(salivary amylase)---->maltose+maltotriose
Triglycerides---(lingual lipase)--->monoglyeride |
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Term
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Definition
Grazer (Volume over Quality)
Browser (Quality over Volume)
Filter Feeder |
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Term
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Definition
| pH:2-4. From HCL excretion from parietal cells signaled by gastrin and histamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Excreted by goblet cells. Contains Bicarb. Signaled by prostaglandin ( Prostaglandin can be made inactive by anti inflammatory drug) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pepsin: inactive form, pepsinogen, present in stomach and undergoes conformational change due to pH decrease. Hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Pepsinogen excreted by chief cells. |
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Term
| Stomach mechanical Digestion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Rumen ( Breakdown of cellulose)
2. Reticulum (sorting of fibers)
3. Omasum (water absorption)
4. Abomasum (glandular stomach) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellulose-->Glucose--->pyruvate--->Volatile Fatty Acids--->Acetyl COA |
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Term
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Definition
1. Propinate
2. Acetate
3.Butyrate
Primary energy source for the ruminant |
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Term
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Definition
3 Way sorting
1. Too long fibers----> sent back to mouth for mastication
2. Needs more work----> back to rumen
3. Good Fibers--->omasum
Honey comb shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water Absorption. Very High surface Area |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins at pyloric sphincter which is opened by CCK signal. Duodenum--->jejunum--->ilium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excretes bile from bile duct. Excretion is signaled by CCK at the same time as Pyloric Sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
1. Bile Salt } - pH buffer
2. Lecithin | 1-3 emulsify lipids
3.Cholesterol }
4. Billirubin
5. Bicarb |
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Term
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Definition
| pH change to 6-7 b/c bile salts and bicarb |
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Term
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Definition
Contains inactive proteolytic enzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase)
Catalyze hydrolysis of Proteins. Contains Trypsin inhibitor to prevent premature activation (pancreatitis). Amylase also present in duodenum which fxns same. |
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Term
| Enzyme Activation (duodenum) |
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Definition
| Trypsinogen activated by enteropeptidase (in duodenum). Once activated Trypsin can activate itself as well as the other pancreatic enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Trypsin- Basic AA
2. Chymotrypsin-Aromatic AA
3. Elastase- Small AA
4. Carboxypeptidase- C-terminal AA -->dipeptide results |
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Term
| Glucose and AA Pathway through SMALL INTESTINE |
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Definition
| Villi +microvilli increase surface area and contain dipeptidases(for aa), and disaccharideases (for glucose). AA and Glucose absorbed into villi into capillary---> hepatic protal vein--->liver(filter)--->vena cava. |
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Term
| Small intestine Pathway ( tri/monoglycerides) |
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Definition
| Combine with fatty acids and protein to form lipoprotein that is absorbed into lacteal in the villi. Lacteal is a lymph vessel that dilutes lipoproteins into the the vena cava. |
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Term
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Definition
Maltose= Glucose+Glucose
Sucrose= Glucose +fructose
Lactose= Glucose + Galactose |
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Term
| Pathway into Large Intestine |
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Definition
| Through Ileocecal valve and into the cecum. Through cecum and into colon then into the rectum, |
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Term
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Definition
1. Water Absorb
2. Normal Flora Maintenance
3. Vitamin K synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac Muscle Cell. Intercalated (pacemaker), coupled. Myogenic. One nuclei. NO TETANUS |
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Term
| Cardiomyocyte Cell Polarity |
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Definition
| K+Na+ATPase pumps 2K+ into cell and 3Na+ out of cell giving - charge (electrogenic). @ -70 leaky channels start to depolarize slowly. @-40 voltage gated sodium channels open which quickly depolarize cell. @+20 Na goes refractory, and VG K+ channels open to re polarize cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Epinephrine- increases Na+ conduction, decreases K+ conduction. Increases Heart Rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetyl Choline-Increases K+ conduction, decreases Na+ conduction. decreases Heart Rate |
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Term
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Definition
| first to depolarize and sets the pace for the rest of the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| second to depolarize and picks up signal of SA node to depolarize ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| SA node depolarizes and the depolarization spreads through the r/l atrium. AV node picks up signal of SA node and sends depolarization down BUNDLE OF HIS and out into the PERKINJIE FIBERS which in turn depolarizes the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
By-products=CO2+Methane
Horse-Burp(hindgut)
Cow-Fart (foregut) |
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Term
| ECG + Heart Depolarization |
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Definition
| Before p-wave the SA node is depolarizing. At P wave the atria depolarize. At QRS the ventricles depolarize (and atria repolarize). T wave= ventricles repolarize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha 2 agonist. Gaps occur where R wave would normally occur. |
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Term
| Calcium for Muscle contraction |
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Definition
| Calcium removes troponin and tropomyosin from actin and myosin allowing muscle to contract. Ca+ can come from outside of the cell or from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| vena cava-->RA-->RAV-->RV-->pulmonic valve-->pulmonary artery-->lungs-->pulm. vein--> LA-->LAV-->LV--->aortic valve--->aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| If volume entering the ventricles increases then so too will the volume out. Same with less blood in. |
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Term
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Definition
| AV valves close as ventricles depolarize and eject blood. At QRS |
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Term
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Definition
| Aortic and pulmonic valves close b/c high pressure in aorta and pulm. artery, and low pressure in ventricles. At T-Wave |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction (systolic bp) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure in ventricles is high enough to open semi lunar valves. |
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Term
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Definition
Turbulence
-Blood through small opening
-Leaky valve
-Narrowing (stenosis) |
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Term
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Definition
Laminar Flow - highest velocity in the middle of vessel.
--->
----->
------->
----->
---> |
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Term
| Pressure + Tension in Blood Vessels |
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Definition
| Is p1=p2 then the vessel with a larger diameter will have higher tension. This means that larger vessels need thicker walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden increase in vessel diameter which increases tension in that part. |
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Term
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Definition
Volume of blood ejected by L ventricle in one minute (l/min)
CO=SV*HR |
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Term
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Definition
| (Blood ejected w/ one contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase Stroke Volume (intracelular calcium increase) |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 transport, CO2 Transport, Heat Transport, H2O, Coagulation, |
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Term
| O2 Transport (hemoglobin) |
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Definition
| 3% dissolved in plasma, the rest binds cooperatively to hemoglobin. High pressure in the lungs, low pressure in the tissue=high affinity in the lungs, low affinity in the tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| low pH (more protons), more CO2, High temperature, 2,3 BPG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma, or by -HCO3, |
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Term
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Definition
| High O2 affinity, less BPG presence. Higher pH (fewer protons) |
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Term
| Hemoglobin @ high Altitude |
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Definition
| Low O2 affinity after time to adapt as BPG increases with lower oxygen pressure, but tissues can pull more oxygen when there is lower affinity there by acclimating to the change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trachea w/ cartilage rings-->Carina-->primary bronchi-->2 bronchi--(lung lobes 3 on each side)--> 3 bronchi--> 1bronchioli-->2bronchioli--->3bronchioli-->avioli. |
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Term
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Definition
| External intercostals contract (maybe with diaphragm) . This expands volume in the thoracic cavity and therefore drops pressure in the cavity (below Atmospheric), so air fills the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| internal intercostals relax decreasing volume in the thoracic cavity and increasing pressure thus pushing air out of the lungs. Can occur forcefully w/ contraction from internal intercostals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucus lining around the inside of the thoracic cavity prevents friction from occurring between lungs and cavity walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucus lining around the outside of the lungs. FXN same as parietal pleura |
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Term
| Ventilation Perfusion mismatching. |
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Definition
| avioli that are not in use by the lungs (broncho constrict) will not receive O2, and those that are open (broncho dilate) will receive O2. |
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Term
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Definition
| WE ARE BIG. High Surface area for O2 absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable mitochondria, regular cytoskeleton, can be very long , lots of nuclei, NOT COUPLED, Ca+ comes from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Can have tetanus. |
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Term
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Definition
| low mitochondria, scattered cytoskeleton, one nuclei, coupled, Ca comes in extracellular, myogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| A motor neuron and the muscle cell that it inervates |
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Term
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Definition
1. Increase number of axons firing (amplitude) also known as recruitment
2. Increase frequency of firing (summation) |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscle Cell (contract) |
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Definition
| NEEDS ACETYL CHOLINE TO CONTRACT. @ -40 VG Na+ Open, Ca+ comes in from SR to remove troponin/tropomyosin |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscle Cell (relax) |
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Definition
| K+ voltage gated channels open @ +20, Ca+ goes back to SR, Actin/myosin let go/relax, troponin and tropomyosin rebind in absence of Ca++ |
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Term
| Nicotinic Acetyl Choline Receptor |
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Definition
| Binding place for Motor axon. Releases Acetyl Choline |
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Term
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Definition
| Depolarization slightly proceeds contraction, and contraction lasts longer than depolarization which is how summation can occur. |
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