H2O Lipids Carbs Amino Acids Proteins Nucleic Acids RNA DNA

Draw a cell with organelles and know the functions

REGULATE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT TO MAINTAIN STABILITY, DYNAMIC REGULATION OF CRITICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES, MECHANISMS KICK IN TO RESPONG TO INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL CHANGES.

FAILURE TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OFTEN ENDS IN A DISEASED STATE OR ABNORMAL FUNCTION.

COMPOSED OF 2 FATTY ACIDS BOUND TO GLYCEROL AND A PHOSPHATE GROUP, STABILIZED BY CHOLESTROL

WITHIN THESE BILAYERS ARE PROTEINS SERVING AS TRANSPORTERS, AND RECEPTORS

MOVES DOWN IT'S CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND EVENTUALLY DISTRIBUTES EQUILIBRIUM

DRIVEN BY INCREASING CONCENTRATION AND/OR INCREASING TEMPERATURE. THIS IS THE ONE AND ONLY ENERGY USED.

ONLY SMALL NONPOLAR MOECULES CAN MOVE BY SIMPLE DIFFUSION

HIGH TO LOW-ONE WAY FLUX

GREATER TO LESSER-ONE WAY FLUX BOTH WAYS WHICH LEADS TO EQUAL AMOUNTS (THEY BALANCE OUT) THIS MEANS THERE IS NO NET FLUX WHEN THEY BALANCE

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

SURFACE AREA

PERMEABILITY

LIPID SOLUBILITY

MOLECULAR SIZE

MEMBRANE THICKNESS

SURFACE AREA*CONC. GRADIENT*MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY/MEMBRANE THICKNESS= RATE OF DIFFUSION

F= KpA(Co-Ci)

MOST DO NOT DISSOLVE OR DIFFUSE FREELY THROUGH THE LIPID BILAYER

Kp WOULD BE VERY SMALL

DIFFUSE MORE RAPIDLY

Kp IS LARGE

RAPID TRANSPORT

NOT SELECTIVE

DIRECTION OF TRANSPORT

SLOWER RATE OF TRANSPORT

MORE SELECTIVE/BIGGER MOLECULES

DIRECTION OF TRANSPORT CAN BE AGAINST CONC. GRADIENT

SUBUNITS FORMING A QUATRANARY STRUCTURE

IONS CAN DIFFUSE RAPIDLY DOWN CONC. GRADIENT

SIZE, STRUCTURE, DIAMETER OF PORE, AND CHARGE OF AMINO ACID DETERMINES WHAT CAN PASS

SOME ARE LEAKY, SOME GATED

CARRIER-MEDIATED

FACILITATED DIFFUESION-DOWN CONC. GRAD

ACTIVE TRANSPORT-REQUIRES ENERGY BECAUSE SOMETHING IS GOING AGAINST ITS CONC. GRAD

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

DOWN ITS GRADIENT WITH NO ENERGY REQUIRED

CONC. GRAD IS THE DRIVING FORCE

SUBSTRATE BINDS TO PROTEIN, CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE, OPENS TO OTHER SIDE, RELEASE OF SUBSTRATE

ENERGY RELEASED FROM HYDROLYSIS OF ATP---->ADP +Pi USED FOR ENERGY

Na/K ATPase PUMP

PRESENT IN PLASMA MEMBRANES OF ALL CELLS; IT ALLOWS IONS TO REMAIN WHERE THEY NEED TO BE, ENERGY IS EXPENDED TO MAINTAIN CHEMICAL DISEQUILIBRIUM

FOR EXAMPLE 7mM INTRACELLULAR WHILE 110mM EXTRACELLULAR

SYMPORT--TWO SAME DIRECTION

UNIPORT--SINGLE ONE DIRECTION

ANTIPORTER--TWO IN SEPERATE DIRECTIONS

SPECIFICITY--THE ABILITY TO MOVE ONE MOLECULE

COMPETITION-- MEMBERS OF THE GROUP COMPETE FOR BINDING SITE

SATURATION-- RATE OF MOVEMENT ACROSS CELL DEPENDING ON THE CONC. AND # OF TRANSPORTERS

TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF ALL SOLUTES IN A SOLUTION

BREAK UP EACH MOLECULE...

HYPOTONIC- CELL SWELLS

HYPERTONIC- CELL SHRINKS

ISOTONIC- NO CHANGE IN CELL VOLUME (EQUILIBRIUM)

DETERMINED BY OSMOLARITY, SOLUTES, PERMEABILITY

ELECTRICAL VS. CHEMICAL

LONG VS. LONG DISTANCE

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS RELEASED INTO EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

MOVE BY DIFFUSION, ACTS LOCALLY

AUTOCRINE- ACT ON SAME CELL

PARACRINE- SECRETED BY ONE CELL AND DIFFUSE TO ADJACENT CELLS

CONVERTING CHEMICAL SIGNAL TO INTRACELLULAR RESPONSE

**REQUIRES A RECEPTOR

PROTEINS FOUND ON PLASMA MEMBRANE THAT BIND CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND INITIATE RESPONSES

AMPLIFY SIGNAL AND PROVIDE SPECIFICITY

USUALLY BINDS ONLY 1 HORMONE

**NO RECEPTOR=NO RESPONSE

R* BINDS TO ACTIVATE THE G PROTEIN,

GTP BINDS,

G PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT DISSOCIATES FROM BETA SUBUNITS,

ALPHA*GTP THEN BINDS TO EFFECTOR MOLECULE (ADENYL CYCLASE) WHICH IS THE CYTOPLASM SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE,

ADENYL CYCLASE PRODUCES 2ND MESSENGER WHICH CONVERT ATP TO cAMP,

cAMP DIFFUES AND ACTIVATES DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE A,

PKA PHOSPHORYLATES CELLULAR PROTEIN WITH INCREASING OR DECREASING ACTIVITY

PHOSPHODIESTERASE

GTPase

DESENSITIZATION