Term
| what is the cardiovascular system's most important function? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two circuitries? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for the pacemaker? |
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Definition
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Term
| in pacemaker, what kind of channel allows Na leak in? |
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Definition
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Term
| in sinoatrial node, how does Ca influx start? |
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Definition
| through T (transient) channels |
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Term
| why do Ca T-type channels open?? |
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Definition
| They open when the cell reaches certain voltage, howewver this is actually caused by the F-channels opening, which is in turn caused by hyperpolarization (cyclic nature of the heartbeat) |
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Term
| what channels open at threshold in the pacemaker cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens at repolarization in pacemaker cells? |
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Definition
| L-channels close, slow K channels open and K goes out |
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Term
| where can you get more info on Ca flux and membrane potential? |
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Definition
| videos on youtube / from your book! |
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Term
| rise in sympathetic tone causes (cardio- pacemaker) |
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Definition
| norep affects F channels to increase ion flow, threshold reached faster (epi has similar effect) |
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Term
| how does parasympathetic affect cardio? |
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Definition
| (look up effect of acetyl choline 10/26) |
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Term
| what is the role of "troponin" in the cardio system?? |
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Definition
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Term
| what triggers action potential in cardio contractile cells? |
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Definition
| the pacemakers send signal through gap junctions |
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Term
| what is the role of Ca in a contractile cells? |
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Definition
| to extend action potential |
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Term
| left ventical pumps blood to.... |
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Definition
| the whole body (so it's stronger) |
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Term
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Definition
| receives blood and pumps it to ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| ejects blood from the heard and provides the pressure to send it through the body. |
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Term
| what's special about the pulmonary artery and vein? |
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Definition
| they're on the opposite side (slides 10/26) |
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Term
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Definition
| taking blood to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| taking blood away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrostatic pressure - force of blood exerted against walls of vessels |
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Term
| what is blood flow (measurement) |
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Definition
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Term
| blood flow is a function of.... |
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Definition
| pressure difference and resistance to flow |
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Term
| describe the mechanism for blood flow through the heart |
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Definition
| (10/26) entry through.... |
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Term
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Definition
| atrioventricular valves are between the ventricl and atrium |
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Term
| what are the semilunar valves? |
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Definition
| mechanical valve between aortic and pulmonary |
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Term
| how are atrioventricular and semilunar valves opened? |
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Definition
pressure of pumping closes the AV valve, but opens the semilunar valve
release of pressure opens AV, closes SL |
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Term
| what opens and closes the valves in the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| which side of the heart is more likely to need surgery and why? |
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Definition
| left side because it does more work |
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Term
| is the conducting system made of neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the bundle of autorhythmic cells between the two venticles called? |
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Definition
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Term
| starting from the AV node, what is the next part of the autorhythmic cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| follow the electrical signal and contractions through the heart ... |
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Definition
1. sino atrial node >>> contraction of both atria
2. AV node >> slows the conduction
3. slow transfer along "his" through septum
4. hits perkinge fibers, down to apex
5. signal sent to venticles to contract from apex up |
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Term
| do the ventricles contract via signaling each other? |
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Definition
| no, the signal from the atria splits and signals both at once from opposite sides. |
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Term
| are the atrial and ventricular cells connected? |
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Definition
| no, they are only linked by the AV node. |
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Term
| when do perkinje fibers contract? why? |
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Definition
| just before the venticles, to avoid prolapse of the valves |
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Term
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Definition
| the shortcut through the papillary muscles |
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Term
| why does the SA node control all the autorhythmic cells? |
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Definition
| it's faster and connects to them all |
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Term
| what picks up the slack if the SA node is faulty? |
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Definition
| __________ but atria won't contract ? |
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Term
| what happens if you have 2 SA nodes? |
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Definition
| heartrate doubles, you need to get rid of one. |
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Term
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Definition
| records the currents of the AP in the heart |
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Term
| does ECG record membrane potential? Is it invasive? |
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Definition
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Term
| what electrical events does ECG record? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens with damage to AV node? |
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Definition
| atria contract, but not ventricles |
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Term
| what are the five events of the heartrate cycle? |
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Definition
rest (late diastole),
atriole systole (contraction filling ventricles),
ventricular systole - AV valves are pushed closed first (isovolumic), then finally the pressure rises enough to open semilunar valves and eject blood.
Last - ventricular relaxation (semilunar valves close |
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Term
| name the parts of the heartbeat in 3 sections. |
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Definition
1. atrial systole/ventricular diastole
2. atrial diastole/ventricular systole
3. ventricular diastole/atrial systole |
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Term
| what are two things that happen during ventricular systole? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do arteries contribute to the cardio cycle aside from the obvious? |
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Definition
| their elasticity drives blood flow and keeps the pressure gradient going while the heart relaxes. |
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Term
| what are the P way and T way? |
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Definition
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Term
| atrial systole is the .... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| on diestaly, the aortic valve is .... |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the end-diastolic volume? |
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Definition
| the amount when the ventricles are as full as they can be, 135ml |
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Term
| what is end-systolic volume? |
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Definition
| blood in venticle at end of systole, 65ml |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between full and empty volume. |
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Term
| as the semilunar valve opens, the ______ pressure goes up |
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Definition
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Term
| as the AV valve closes, the pressure in the ________ rises sharply |
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Definition
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Term
| what does isovolumic mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| AV valve is open during... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped by left OR right ventricle per minute |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference between resting vs max CO? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heartrate and stroke volume |
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Term
| greater ACh means lower... |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two things related to stroke volume? |
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Definition
| contractility and frank-starling law |
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Term
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Definition
a chemical effect on the ability of your heart muscle to shorten and develop force.
change in force and SV, while fiber length and EDV are constant |
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Term
| how is contractility changed? |
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Definition
| it can be raised by the sympathetic system |
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Term
| does contractibility affect EDV or ESV? (end-dia, end-systol) |
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Definition
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Term
| beta receptors are blocked to.... |
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Definition
| block sympathetic contractibility changes |
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Term
| under frank-starling, the heart will pump how much blood? |
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Definition
| all the blood returned to it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Frank-starling changes... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| does sympathetic system work through starling or contractibility? |
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Definition
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Term
| in a blood vessel, where is the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| smooth, slick, low friction surface continuous with the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| layer of muscle regulated by sympathetic fibers- |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high pressure from ventricles, lots of muscle and elastin/collagen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood leaving capillaries goes here, collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle/elastin and collagen, but not so much as artery |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| undifferentiated cells which can becomes smooth muscle if needed |
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Term
| what increases resistance (R) in blood vessels? |
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Definition
- viscosity (eta)
- total blood vessel length
- blood vessel diamete (can be regulated) |
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Term
| what increases resistance (R) in blood vessels? |
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Definition
- viscosity (eta)
- total blood vessel length
- blood vessel diamete (can be regulated) |
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Term
| arteriole diameter is most important b/c.... |
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Definition
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Term
| how is arteriole diameter regulated? |
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Definition
| paracrines and sympathetic |
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Term
| why do beta and alpha adrenergic receptors cause different effects by norep? |
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Definition
| the beta receptors are on important things needed for fight, alpha are on things you won't need |
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