Increase the number of offspring from selected females

increase offspring from selected males

import/export of genetics

research

Day 9-12(4 days): FSH injections

Inject PGF day 12

AI 24 hrs after PGF

Collect embryos 6-8 days after first AI

Insert CIDR day 1 of cycle

Day 4-7: FSH injections

Day7: inject PGF and remove CIDR

Day 8: Expect estrus and AI

Day 15: collect embryos

• research
• support other embryo technologies: cloning, transgenic animals, biomedical applications
• assisted reproduction in domestic animals: production of animals 

• In Vitro Oocyte Maturation (IVM)
• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
• In Vitro Culture (IVC) 

Glycosaminoglycan

Polysaccharides with high molecular weight that contain amino sugars and often form complexes with proteins

One cell fertilized ovum to blastocyst stage (7 days)

culture through maternal to zygotic transition

Co-culture, culture with other cells

simple media: salts, lactate, pyruvate, glucose low or omitted during early stages, amino acids, Bovine serum albumin during early stages

sequential media: first 3-4 days lactate, pyruvate, BSA

day3 or 4 glucose, serum

treatment of infertility- cattle that don't respond to superovulation

cattle of normal fertility- number of embryos in a short period of time

Production of F1 crossbreeds

dairy replacement heifers in beef herds

incorporation of sex control to produce only females

• Porcine- IVM unfertilized oocytes for nuclear transfer; IVF and IVC- poor, poly spermic fertilization
• Sheep/goats- IVM unfertilized oocytes for nuclear transfer; IVF and IVC- marginal
• equine- IVM marginal; IVF and IVC- poor 

• long term storage of embryos in frozen state
• recipient management- more embryos than recipients at time of collection, use of recipients at different locations
• import/export 

• addition of cryoprotectant
• loading
• freezing
• thawing
• removal of cryoprotectant 

Penetrating cryoprotectants enter the cell and replace the water. They are made up of DMSO, glycerol, and ethylene glycol. Has a low molecular weight.

Non penetrating cryoprotectants don't enter the cell but instead accumulate sugars around the structure for protection. These sugars are sucrose, trehalose, and glucose. Has a large molecular weight

CPs displace water inside the cell but not all of it. Water outside of the cell will freeze first and grow ice crystals which will draw water from inside the cell.

Must cool slowyly to allow water to move

at ~35 C rapidly lower temp to liquid nitrogen

Step wise removal of the CPs

Use of non penetrating compounds (sucrose) to prevent water movement until CP leaves

very rapid freezing without ice crystal formation (formation of glass)

requires very high concentrations of CP (4x greater)

high surface to volume ratio to obtain freezing rate

• species-porcine(don't survive freeze thawing), equine(don't survive)
• stage of development- bovine(day 5 lack chill tolerance), porcine(pre-hatched blastocyst don't survive, later dev. embryos dev. some tolerance), equine(after day 7-early stage embryos have better tolerance than later stage)
• effect of manipulation

**Bovine embryos have high degree of tolerance

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

• used in human ART (assisted reproductive technologies)- failure of IVF, male infertility, highly successful
•  not used in animal breeding- limited application, lack of activation of oocyte, not very successful

• embryo sexing
• fetal sexing
• semen sexing  

• Karyotyping
• x-linked enzyme method
• H-Y antigen
• PCR- used to identify sequences that are sex specific (Y) 

day 0-11: P4 (CIDR)

day 8-11: FSH 2x daily

day 10: PG

day 14: mating

low effiency

developmental abnormalities

• research
• transgenic animals
• agricricultural production 

endoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm