Term
| What are the 4 interpretave traditions of the Civil War and Reconstruction? |
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Definition
1. Lost Cause/Redeemer
2. Union/Republican
3. Abolition/Freedom
4. Reconciliation |
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Term
| What poplular 1915 film depicted the "Lost Cause" and Redeemer myths? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the causes of the Civil War? |
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Definition
| 11 Southern states formed a new nation to proctet slavery from the GOP. This is opposed by Pres. Lincoln. |
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Term
| What was President Lincoln's original goal at the beginning of the war? |
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Definition
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Term
| What new goal did Lincoln adopt during the war? |
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Definition
| Abolishing Slavery (1862-3) |
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Term
| What did Lincoln's Republican Party achieve with its victory in the Civil War? |
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Definition
| Democracy prevails, and the USA remains in tact. Slavery is also abolished by the 13th Amendment. |
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Term
| When did Reconstruction take place? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ex-confederate states were brought back into the USA |
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Term
| On what terms were the states of the former CSA incorporated back into the USA? |
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Definition
| The South was incorporated back into the USA economically by becoming an agricultural region involved in extractive industry. |
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Term
| What was the "Solid South" and what political party and race would rule the southern states after the end of Reconstruction? |
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Definition
| Solid South = period of White, Democratic rule |
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Term
| What happened to ex-slaves at the end of Reconstruction? |
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Definition
| They had few civil and political rights, and most worked as sharecroppers, which paid very little. |
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Term
| How did whites in both the North and the South reconcile after the end of Reconstruction? |
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Definition
| In the national culture, white supremacy was a shared view. Whites overwhelmingly accept the "Lost Cause/Redeemer" traditions up to the 1960s. |
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Term
| What is the gunfighter myth of the Wild West? |
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Definition
| The myth is that personal conflict was resolved through a climactic showdown. |
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Term
| How was Hollywood's depiction of the gunfighter myth inaccurate? |
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Definition
| Hollywood portrayed the West being tamed by the handgun, when really the handgun was tamed by the West. |
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Term
| Why were there so few homicides during the cattle towns' peak years? |
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Definition
| The towns are run by the local business elite, who demanded a controlled environment to conduct commercial activity. There were strict gun control policies, and all vices provided for cowboys were heavily taxed and monitored. |
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Term
| What was the West's economic role in the USA by the end of the nineteenth century? |
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Definition
| The West's resources were enclosed, and their large corporations such as ranching, agro-business, mining, and timber supplied the industrial East and Midwest. |
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Term
| What are the main components of the USA's ideal environment of economic growth? |
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Definition
1. "Rule of Law"
2. Respect of private property
3. Continental "free trade" zone
4. Risk-Taking culture
5. Mobile population
6. Government support
7. Adapt/invent technologies |
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Term
| What kind of economy did the USA contain on the eve of the Civil War in 1861? |
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Definition
| Primarily agrarian economy while there were few large manufacturing firms for craft production and few small merchants/bankers. There were no great retail firms or financial markets. |
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Term
| What economy did the USA contain by the 1920s? |
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Definition
| Unprecedented economic growth occured, and it became the leader in steel, oil, coal, electricity, and railroad mileage. |
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Term
| Identify the 5 main reasons for the USA's Gilded age economic "take-off." |
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Definition
1. Agricultural efficiency
2. Larger domestic market
3. Integrated market
4. Corporation
5. Mass retailing |
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Term
| Name 4 features of the modern corporation. |
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Definition
1. Ability to raise capital
2. Limited Liability
3. Continuity
4. professional managers (Not owners) |
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Term
| What is vertical integration? |
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Definition
| The merging of DIFFERENT stages of production into one corporation. |
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Term
| What is horizontal integration? |
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Definition
| Combining the SAME stage of production into a single corporation. |
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Term
| How did professional corporate managers change the nature of manufacturing? |
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Definition
| Managers are able to work together to develop policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs, which are designed to achieve these goals, and then assigning resources to implement the policies and plans, projects and programs. |
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Term
| Name two features of modern mass retailing. |
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Definition
1. division of labor
2. new machine tools for an assembly line. |
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Term
| What role did advertising play in changing the USA's consumer culture? |
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Definition
| Advertising created desire in the consumer for the product. |
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Term
| Explain the myth of social mobility and its purpose. |
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Definition
talent + effort = social class
Purpose: Overcome workers' hostility, reward hard workers. Main idea: blame the individual--not the system. |
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Term
| What type of books did Horatio Alger write? |
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Definition
Youth fiction: Rags to Riches
Biographies of industrialists |
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Term
| What did conservatives mean when they advocated a laissez-faire approach to the industrial economy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did progressives mean when they advocated reform and regulation? |
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Definition
| Failures are victims; they didn't bring fate upon themselves. |
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Term
| What were the thee Gilded Age anti-monopoly movements? |
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Definition
1. Workers
2. Farmers
3. Small-Town Capitalists |
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Term
| What is a producers' republic? |
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Definition
| A republic founded on the maintainence of small economic units with ownership distributed widely among the citizenry. |
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Term
| How did labor change during the Gilded Age? |
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Definition
| There were more wage workers, and the workplace became impersonal. Economic inequality was at a high, and volient strikes began. Economy was unstable. |
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Term
| What was the Knights of Labor and what were its goals? |
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Definition
| The Knights of Labor were national union of workers who feared inequality from aggregated wealth. They want to see restoration in workers' self respect, the "producers' republic" and community. |
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Term
| How did the Knights attempt to build a community of "producers"? |
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Definition
| They included in their union all workers that "produced" something, ie: factory workers. They also allowed women and black men into the union, but not Asians. |
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Term
| Why did the Knights fail? |
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Definition
| Skilled workers quit. There was huge employer opposition; they blamed the Knights for "anarchism", haymarket bombing, and blacklisting. |
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Term
| What farmers' problems does the song "The Farmer is the Man" Identify? |
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Definition
| Povery; farmers give their crops and their labor and get little to nothing in return. |
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Term
| What was the Jeffersonian Ideal? |
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Definition
| A belief that the people run the government & the government should be small and simple. |
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Term
| What was the farmers' "debt squeeze"? |
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Definition
| The era of falling prices; they favored inflation, but the consumers did not. |
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Term
| Why did farmers favor infation? |
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Definition
| Farmers have to borrow money from banks or other lenders with the expectation that they will pay them back after the harvest. If money is undergoing a period of inflation, then the real value of the loan is decreasing so the farmers get a break. |
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Term
| Whom did farmers blame for their problems? |
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Definition
| The "money power:" bankers, railroads, middlemen |
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Term
| What was the Farmers Alliance? |
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Definition
| A group of co-operatives that headed an educational movement. This alliance was strongest in the South and Plains States. |
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Term
| What was the People's (or Populist) Party and what were its goals? |
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Definition
| They were a political party that wanted to restore the old farmers' republic. They wanted a radical, active government. The govn't should own the railroads. Farmland should be reserved for farmers only. Money supply should be expanded. Sub-treasuries should exist to hold goods until prices go up. |
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Term
| What was the outcome of the 1869 U.S. Presidential election-who and what party won and from what region did it get most of its votes? |
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Definition
| Republican candidate William McKinley won in 1896. He got most of the urban votes-votes in the Northeast and parts of the northern Midwest |
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Term
| What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? |
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Definition
| The first measure passed by Congress to prohibit trusts, named for Senator John Sherman. Trust busting! |
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Term
| Who supported the Anti-Trust Act and why? |
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Definition
| Small town capitalists hated trusts because they feared they would lose small-town harmony. |
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Term
| Why did the anti-trust movement fail? |
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Definition
| "Bigness" was no longer an issue; the people didn't have a problem with it. Rule of Reason developed by Supreme Court: only combinations and contracts unreasonably restraining trade are subject to actions under the anti-trust laws, and that possession of monopoly power is not inherently illegal. |
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Term
| Identify two main legacies of the Gilded Age anti-monopoly movements. |
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Definition
1. Populist language (People vs Elite)
2. Government regulation (modern liberalism) |
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