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| In ancient Rome, a member of the wealth, privileged upper class. |
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| In ancient Rome, one of the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up most of the population |
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| In ancient Rome, the Supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats. |
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| In the roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct government. |
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| In ancient Rome, an official elected by the Plebians to protect their rights. |
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| soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army |
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| A powerful city-state in North Africa. |
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| wars fought between ancient Rome and Carthage, a powerful city-state in North Africa. “Punic” comes from the place named Phoenicia, whose people were ancestors of the Carthaginians. |
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| General from Carthage, a city-state on the Mediterranean coast of Africa. Hannibal was Rome’s enemy in the second Punic Wars. |
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| Great Roman general who won the Battle of Zama. He it Hannibal return to Carthage, but made Carthage become a Roman ally. |
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| Relating to the civilization, language, art, science, and literature of the Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late second century BC. |
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| In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government. |
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| An ancient culture that developed from a blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures. |
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| Roman general, statesman, and historian who invaded Britain (55), crushed the army of his political enemy Pompey (48), pursued other enemies to Egypt, where he installed Cleopatra as queen (47), returned to Rome, and was given a mandate by the people to rule as dictator for life (45). On March 15 of the following year he was murdered by a group of republicans led by Cassius and Brutus, who feared he intended to establish a monarchy ruled by himself. |
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| First emperor of Rome (27 b.c.-a.d. 14) and grandnephew of Julius Caesar. He defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 and subsequently gained control over the empire. In 29 he was named emperor, and in 27 he was given the honorary title Augustus. |
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| Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars; repudiated his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra; they were defeated by Octavian at Actium (83-30 BC). |
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| the Roman peace; the long period of peace enforced on states in the Roman Empire. |
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| A decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services. |
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| Greek mathematician who applied the deductive principles of logic to geometry, thereby deriving statements from clearly defined axioms. |
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| Greek mathematician, engineer, and physicist. Among the most important intellectual figures of antiquity, he discovered formulas for the area and volume of various geometric figures, applied geometry to hydrostatics and mechanics, devised numerous ingenious mechanisms, such as the Archimedean screw, and discovered the principle of buoyancy. |
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| One bound in servitude as the property of a person or household. |
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| the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church. |
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| In ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time. |
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| An amphitheater in Rome, capable of seating 50,000 spectators, which was once used for gladiatorial combat. |
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| Marketplace or public place in ancient Rome, in which courts of law and public business was conducted. |
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| Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poem Aeneid, which tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the sack of Troy. |
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| an epic in Latin by Virgil; tells the adventures of Aeneas after the Trojan War; provides an illustrious historical background for the Roman Empire. |
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| A military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback. |
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| declared that the would be neutral with regard to religious worship, officially ending all government-sanctioned persecution especially of Christianity. |
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| Emperor of Rome (284-305) who divided the empire into east and west (286) in an attempt to rule the territory more effectively. His desire to revive the old religion of Rome led to the last major persecution of the Christians (303). |
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| An ancient city of Thrace on the site of present-day Istanbul, Turkey. It was founded by the Greeks in the seventh century b.c. and taken by the Romans in a.d. 196. Constantine I ordered the rebuilding of the city in 330 and renamed it Constantinople. |
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| Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd Century BC) |
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| A circular temple in Rome, completed in 27 b.c. and dedicated to all the gods. |
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| Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). |
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| a Christian missionary to the Gentiles’ author of several Epistles in the New Testament. |
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| Member of an originally Greek school of philosophy, founded by Zeno about 308 b.c., believing that God determined everything for the best and that virtue is sufficient for happiness. Its later Roman form advocated the calm acceptance of all occurrences as the unavoidable result of divine will or of the natural order / The doctrines or philosophy of the Stoics. |
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| King of the Huns and the most successful of the barbarian invaders of the Roman Empire. |
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