Term
| West Roman Empire- weaker emperors |
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Definition
| Rapid decline after invasions of Germans during the 5th century, bad emperors after Valentinian |
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Term
| taxes and declining populations |
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Definition
| tax evasion- wealthy people used their influence to get tax exemptions while the small-holders either fled their land and joined bandit groups or gave thier land to wealthy men to enjoy their protection from the tax collectors |
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Term
| 476 Fall of the Roman Empire |
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Definition
| population decline and invasion of different germanic tribes |
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Term
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Definition
| settled along the coast of the North Sea and the Baltic |
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Term
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Definition
| As a primitive germanic population expanded, they could not expand their food production by agricultural innovations so they migrated |
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Term
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Definition
| settled in Scandinavia and reemerged as Vikings |
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Term
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Definition
| North Germans migrated here |
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Term
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Definition
| his legions pushed north and pushed the Germanic forces back beyond the Rhine-Danube frontier |
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Term
| Marcomanni Wars (160-180) |
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Definition
| A huge internal struggle within Germanic tribes took place in the mid second century between 160 and 180 |
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Term
| West Germans and East Germans |
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Definition
| East German tribes ventured out on the plains and West German tribes settled on Roman border to turn agriculture on the model of Roman Gaul |
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Term
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Definition
| "The land beyond the forest"-- The secret to hunting and fighting on the open plain was mastering equestrian skills |
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Term
| Raids of Crisis of the Third Century |
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Definition
| Diocletian and Constantine strengthened the Danube frontier, and thereafter the East German tribes which invaded Roman territory during the crisis of the third century had to return north to the grasslands |
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Term
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Definition
| a new barbarian group crossing Eurasia that came from the mongolian Grasslands north of China; began one of their periodic migrations across the Eurasian steepe lands (prairies); they had been living with horses for centuries |
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Term
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Definition
| moved directly south and came to the banks of Danube; became part of additional Roman population until the Huns scared them off and Valens let them in; didn't understand annoa taxes however and became hostile, defeated Valens |
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Term
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Definition
| turned East and settles in Crimea, north of the black sea |
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Term
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Definition
| Valens ordered Duke to open frontirer and allow Visigoths to come over |
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Term
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Definition
| allowed Visigoths to settle in unoccupied lands in north Balkans; Visigoths didn't follow Roman law; Valens entered battle without sufficient cavalry and died in battle of Adrianople (378) |
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Term
| Battle of Adrianople (378) |
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Definition
| Roman forces completely wiped out |
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Term
| Visigoth Settlement> Emperor Theodosius |
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Definition
| Eastern Emperor assembled a new Roman force bu summoning units from Asia Minor; forced goths to sue for peace abnd decided they would make great Roman soldiers; they remained peaceful and recieved Roman armor and weapons and were paid standard roman salaries |
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Term
| Death of Theodosius (396) |
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Definition
| primary Gothic chief, Alaric, rose to rank of military magister |
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Term
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Definition
| refused to surrender his position as a Roman officer; opened negotiations with West Roman emperor Honarius to see if they could get land but Honarius said no, so they took over Rome and sacked it |
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Term
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Definition
| Alaric found cities of Po River were completely undefeanded; took Milan and stripped it of gold and silver |
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Term
| 410> Sack of Rome>> Ravenna |
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Definition
| Alaric reached Rome and gothic troops easily took Rome and sacked it; did not attack Ravenna because it was surrounded by water and he had no naval skills |
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Term
| 415> Settlement in South Gaul |
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Definition
| Goths settled free of annona tax, but would serve as de jure Roman military in that region |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Rhine River> 405 collapse |
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Definition
| the Rhine River froze over and the East German tribes crossed over with their horses and Wagons; Rhine frontier collapsed |
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Term
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Definition
| moved East of Soissons and came to occupy the Upper Rhone Valley; made an impression on inhabitants of Gaul with wine |
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Term
| Vandals> to Andalusia and Carthage (431) |
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Definition
| moved south towards Andalusia (they called it "Vandalusia" at the time)then heard Carthage was the richest in the west and took over Carthage and all adjacent territory |
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Term
| Italy> Barbarian magistri |
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Definition
| deposed the emperor riding with no opposition |
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Term
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Definition
| considered the emperor a useless expense with his elaborate court and palace at Ravenna |
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Term
| 476> Emperor Romulus Augustulus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Theoderic led Ostrogothic tribe out of the Balkans and descended into Italy |
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Term
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Definition
| ruked Italy as king of the Ostrogoths, but as magister of the Romans |
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Term
| Religion> Wulfilas (Arian Bishop) |
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Definition
| young Gothic chief kept as hostage in Constantinople, was imprisoned but educated and became a devout Christian and decided to spread the word; was converted in 330's when the church of Constantinople and many other Eastern churches had accepted the Arian creed of Christianity. Consequently, the German churches identified with Arianism |
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Term
| German vs Romans in the West |
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Definition
| different regions and tribes reacted differently to the Germans |
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Term
| Theodoric's Italy> revived Roman civilization 489 |
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Definition
| best example of harmonious relations between the native Roman population and and the Ostrogothic settlers who followed Theodoric into italy in 489 |
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Term
| Boethius> concerning the consolation of philosophy |
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Definition
| famous scholar and member of the Roman senate, appointed by Theodoric as Praetorian Prefect who translated stuff in Latin |
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Term
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Definition
| devoutly religious, fled Rome and sought out wilderness. Fled to mountains and lived as a hermit; led life which Jogn the Baptist had lived in miracles he performed |
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Term
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Definition
| mountain where Benedict lived for twenty years and established monestaries |
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Term
| The Rule> abbots and abbeys |
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Definition
| Benedict organized his followers into a community to live by a rule; the people, abbots, or monks, were to live in chastity and have no belongings; the community was called a monastery; the rule required that all monks spend their time in prayer or work |
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Term
| Better Emperors- population tripled |
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Definition
| The Eastern empires were more competent administrators; they managed to collect the taxes and to recruit enough troops either to defeat barbarian invaders or to pay them off so that they moved westward rather than occupy Eastern territory |
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Term
| The Christian Polis> churches, hospitals, orphanages |
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Definition
| the old polis government had collapsed as more and more functions of government had been taken over by the central imperial administration. Local polis government, thus, recentered around the Christian bishop and clergy; the bishop functioned as the chief magistrate over the polis; "We are making the city of Constantine, the City of God" |
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Term
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Definition
| Constantine wanted to build a new system on gold and made a coin struck from pure gold at the rate of 72 soldi to a pound of gold |
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Term
| Emperor Justinian(526-565) |
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Definition
| (526-565)the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest level of power and prestige; revived Roman legal system with Renoatio Romani Imperii |
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Term
|
Definition
| the renovation of the Roman empire under Justinian |
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Term
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Definition
| general who beat Persians on the Eastern frontier |
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Term
|
Definition
| Belsarius left Constantinople, landed near Carthage and in 7 weeks his cavalry crushed the vandals |
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Term
| 536-550- Ostrogothtic Italy |
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Definition
| Justinian planned to launch an attack; Amalasuntha was assassinated (was her death plotted?); Belisarius pushed Ostrogoths forwards by 540; made alliance with Lombards; Justinian reorganized Italy as several Roman provinces |
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Term
|
Definition
Justinian and
Narses (his appointed general) made an alliance with a barbarian tribe to the north of Alps called Lombards; paid off with soldi to return to the alps |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Justinian sent out Roman army to drive out Visigoths |
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Term
| 532 to 545> Corpus Juris Civilis |
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Definition
| hundreds of volumes of legal sources which Justinian made the law of the empire including the newly reconquered territories of the west |
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Term
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Definition
| Justinian rebuilt the bishop's church in Constantinople--shaped as a rectangle, from east to west much longer from it's width to north to south |
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Term
| Ravenna> San Vitale and the mosaics- |
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Definition
| Justinian constructed a much smller church in the new Italian capital of Ravenna; had a dome but much more conservative design; the walls were decorated with splendid mosaics |
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Term
|
Definition
| died in 565 after almost 40 years as emperor; his reconquest effort began to fall apart |
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Term
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Definition
| began to push East Roman forces out of spain |
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Term
| Lombard invasion of Italy (568) |
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Definition
| began a period of constant war in Northern Italy which would last for the next 180 years; ended Roman rule in Italy |
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Term
| Permanent division of Italy |
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Definition
| collapse of military discipline and Persian invasion |
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Term
|
Definition
| invaded after th collapse of Byzantine forces in 602; took over Alexandria and Antioch |
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Term
| Emperor Heracluis (611-641) |
|
Definition
| destroyed the Persian State; restored the true cross to the holy city of Jerusalem; ordered Roman forces to pull north to defend Jarmuk River |
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Term
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Definition
| Heraclius went on campaign strike at heart of Persia and organized a strike force of Byzantine troops and arranged for their transfer in 624 by ship from Constantinople; personally led his own troops into the mountains of Armenia; defeated some of the local leaders; others he convinced to ally with him |
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Term
| Restoration of the true cross (630) |
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Definition
| Heraclius restored what the Persians took as a trophy of their victory over the Christian Empire |
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Term
| 624 and the battle of Jarmuk |
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Definition
| Arab cavalry crushed east roman forces |
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Term
|
Definition
| the arabs occupied all the old cities of the Hellenistic and Roman East |
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Term
| Triumph of Byzantium- Heraclius |
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Definition
| seized capital of Persia, reorganized army, went back to palace and took ill |
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Term
| Rise of the Arabs> like Germanic tribes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Arabia Felix, Mecca, Medina (Roman trade with India) |
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Definition
| Sea and caravan trade; these were all trade stops |
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Term
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Definition
| Arabs lived in the desert and worshiped certain stones--a jet black rock called the Kaaba was worshiped in Mecca; all tribes of Arabia went to this sacred place |
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Term
| Syrian monks of fifth century> Christianity and writing |
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Definition
| unity missionary attempt; Syrian monks tried to convert arabs to Christianity.. introduced script |
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Term
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Definition
| Born in Mecca, was an orphan who worked in caravn trade; married Kadisha and stopped caravan; would take strolls and one day told he was the angel Gabriel and was to tell one last prophecy from god of Abraham, to convert arabs from idolatry to one true god, ethical worship practices |
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Term
| Hagria (622)> Medina (Jewish Community) |
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Definition
| expelled from Mecca and went to Medina where he successfully converted some Jewish people (same practices, not eating pork, cleansing, etc) |
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Term
| War against Mecca (jihad) |
|
Definition
| united against Pagans and stopped using idolatry |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pilgrimage to Mecca; took out idols and purified Kaaba, only meant for worship--added obligation of Hajj pilgrimage |
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Term
|
Definition
| accepted Mohammed as true prophet of Abraham |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Abu Bekr (632-644) Jihad of Unity |
|
Definition
| tried to convert more cities to Islam |
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Term
| Omar (634-644)> Jihad of Conquest |
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Definition
| turned Jihad into war of conquest; led arab troops into frontier to Roman empire- leader of Jarmuk |
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Term
| 636 (Battle of Jarmuk)>Byzantine Empire defended Taurus mountains |
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Definition
| East Roman empire withdrew; Persians destroyed after Heroclitus and were susceptible to religion; Muslim troops were willing to fight for not money (unlike Romans)--fighting for spiritual benefit, dying in battle and spreading faith |
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Term
| Arabian horses and camels> West to Egypt and East to conquer Persia |
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Definition
| arabs had faster, better horses |
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Term
|
Definition
| spread towards mountains and tried to take Carthage; edited the Koran, collected notes |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Calif for only five years, wanted to live in Mecca, the capital of Islam |
|
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Term
| Traditionalists at Mecca vs Mediterranean Islam |
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Definition
| Muawija thought in order to take over, Islam needed a capital on the mediterranean |
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Term
| Calif Muawija (661-680) Ummayid Califs |
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Definition
| after Ali died, Muawija took over and attacked Constantinople, sent army across Asia minor, pushed to constantinople but failed after 4 years of trying |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muawija and Ummayids moved there |
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Term
| fleet> first siege of of Constantinople (674-678) |
|
Definition
| Muawija tried to take over but failed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| liquid used against Ummayid army; liquid that would ignite, splash and burn |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shiites thought the true Calif had to be a descendant of Ali, and they thought Ali would return and Ummayids were bad; Sunnis accepted the transfer of Califs to Muawija as God's will |
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Term
| 698> the fall of Carthage (strong Byzantine defense) |
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Definition
| one of Muawija's successors thought forces of Islam could sweep across |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 717-718> Second siege of Constantinople |
|
Definition
| Arabs reattempted but failed because of Greek Fire; Christians of Constantinople thought it was a miracle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Charles martel defeated Arabs, so they went back to Spain |
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Term
| 740's> defeat in Afghanistan |
|
Definition
| The Arabs couldn't beat the Turks |
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Term
| Abu l'Abbas overthrows Ummayid Califs (Ummayid Spain) |
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Definition
| descendant of Calif Ali, Abu overthrew all the Ummayids but one prince who escaped and went to spain; Abu moved capital to Baghdad |
|
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Term
| Abbasid Califs (750-1258) |
|
Definition
| wanted to beautify Baghdad and make it a center of Islam so people would want to convert |
|
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Term
| Harun Al Rachid (786-809) |
|
Definition
| famous for beautifying Baghdad; wanted to stop fighting between Jihad and Byzantine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| began school in Baghdad and hired Christians and Muslims to to translate Greek science into Arabic |
|
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Term
| Arabic translations- Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, Hippocrates, Galen |
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Definition
| translated only scientific stuff; nothing involving mythology or relating to gods or goddesses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| took numbers from India where they had zero and decimal system; devised for tax purposes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| served as bureaucrats under Caleb, devised into small states |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| wrote huge work of science and theology- god revealed himself through revelation and nature; should be no contradiction between science and scripture |
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Term
| Charles Martel> Battle of Tours (732) |
|
Definition
| his defeat of Arab forces at the battle of tours made the Franks immediately the greatest of German tribes |
|
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Term
| The Franks- West German tribes (no horses) |
|
Definition
| known for their agriculture, not their fighting; had no central leadership skills like East German tribes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| crossed Rhine river with other Germanic tribes, but unlike Vandals or Burgandies they had no horses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The Franks were not strong enough to move past the roman camp at Soissons and stayed there for many years |
|
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Term
| Merov> Merovingian family |
|
Definition
| around 450, one tribal reguli (small clan) made an alliance with the Roman magister in command of Soissons |
|
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Term
| Roman Victory over Atilla the Hun (453) |
|
Definition
| Merov fought on the side of Romans against the Huns and defeated them, sending thm back to China |
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Term
| Clovis (481-511)> brutal killings |
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Definition
| Merov's victory over Huns gave prestige to organize a powerful war band and began to unify the Franks; waged war against other Frankish chiefs |
|
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Term
| 486> Conquest of Soissons |
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Definition
| According to Frankish religions, all chiefs descended from the Gods; Clovis exterminated all other "divine" families so he emerged as the only Frankish king; won over Soissons |
|
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Term
| Clovis and further expansion |
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Definition
| Once Clovis seized Soissons, he instantly gained the allegiance of all the Frankish warriors and slowly moved south conquering Roman city after Roman city |
|
|
Term
| 491> Clovis Baptism (roman Christian) |
|
Definition
| chose to be baptized in the Nicean Christian church instead of the Arian German creed because it made it easier for him to gain support from Native Romans in Gaul |
|
|
Term
| 507> defeat of the Visigoths |
|
Definition
| won battle against visigoths and dislodged them from southern Gaul |
|
|
Term
| simple administration> counts for each town |
|
Definition
| inexpensive; removed office of Praetorian Prefect and magistri; every major city in Gaul was to be governed by a representative of the king called a count to administer the town and territory around it, called a county |
|
|
Term
| simple taxes> tolls, not annona |
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Definition
| Clovis had some of his soldiers guard a bridge or a gate into a city and simply simply stop everyone who wanted to pass by. Each person had a tariff to go through |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Clovis left a testament of what to do with his property; divided it into four equal sections of his weapons, his clothing, his cattle and the land he conquered--and gave it to his sons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Clovis saw the state and his private property as the same; changed Germans way of thinking; this was a problem between private property and public governmental powers-- a confusion that lies in the heart of medieval feudalism |
|
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Term
| 600- Neustria (Soissons) vs Austasia (Metz) |
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Definition
| The frankish state divided in two kingdoms; Neustria meant new and referred to the fact soissons had been conquered "recently" from the Roman military and, Austasia meant East and Metz was to the East of Soissons, no9t far from the Rhine river |
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Term
|
Definition
| new groups of antrustiones who had formed around royal officers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "the king's trusted armed men" which brought prestige and honor |
|
|
Term
| 650> Austrasian family (Carolingians) |
|
Definition
| Because of central role Pepin's family played, they renamed the family the Carolingian family (from Charlemagne) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pepin 2 defeated the forces of Neustria and annexed the Weatern kingdom to his own Eastern land; assumed office of majordomo in both palaces and effectively reunited the Franks into one state |
|
|
Term
| Majordomo Pepin II (680-714)> no information |
|
Definition
| lack of sources we know nothing about him; illiteracy in Frankish Gaul |
|
|
Term
| Charles Martel (714-743) Pepin II's son |
|
Definition
| majordomo of the Franks; managed to defeat a significant invasion invasion of arab forces loyal to the Ummayid calif ruling in Damascus |
|
|
Term
| Battle of Tours> horse soldiers (mystery) |
|
Definition
| won against arabs but how he learned how to fight on horseback was a msytery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| intimately involved in the spread of Christianity and in reforming or building new monastaries; supported Boniface's dynamic of missionary campaign into old germany |
|
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Term
| 751 request to depose Merovingian kings (Soisson and Metz) |
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Definition
| wrote pope Zacariah to legitimate transfer of power asking if they could retain the crown- he said the ruler should have the crown- Pepin ordered Merovingian kings to be arrested, hair shaved, and imprisoned in monastaries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pope Stephen would crown Pepin King of Franks if Pepin would intervene and rescue Italy the pope from advances of the Lombards |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| constant war between East Romans and Lombards |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| East Roman Victory at Ravenna> the exarchate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| territory around Ravenna and Rome; Lombard victory in 751 |
|
|
Term
| Military pressure on Pope Stephen II |
|
Definition
| Germanic tribe of Lombard was threatening to conquer rome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| invited pope Stephen to come to Gaul to crown Pepin as new king of Franks |
|
|
Term
| Stephen II crowns Pepin III as King (752) |
|
Definition
| Pepin thought a papal coronation would give his family prestige |
|
|
Term
| Pepin III defeats Lombards (754) |
|
Definition
| invaded Northern Italy, defeated Lombard king Aistulf and forced him to withdraw from all of what had been territory around Ravenna and around Rome, what the people had called the Exarchate of Ravenna |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| wanted to spread Christianity; reorganized monastaries across south and central germany; wanted to spread Christianity to primitive Germans in Saxony--they weren't having it so they assassinated him after he chopped down a tree they worshipped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pepin III's son Charles who went on to conquer much of Europe |
|
|
Term
| Charlemagne (768-814) Charles the great> Charles the big |
|
Definition
| made Franks the rulers of most of Europe; conquered neighboring Germanic territories and claimed to have restored the Roman empire by 800; descendants formed core of high European society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entered northern Italy and defeated Lombard king in 722, had himself crowned king |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Took possession of Pavia, had himself crowned king and moved south |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| After taking north and central italy, Charlemagne moved north into southern Germany and took over Bavaria by marrying the daughter of the Bavarian chief |
|
|
Term
| Conquest of Saxony (722-804)four campaigns |
|
Definition
| marched north to conquer Pagan Saxons who lived in the homeland of Christianity (still made about Boniface); defeated Saxons and built monasteries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| went East to plains of hungary (Transylvania) to fight a tribe of Huns. These Huns, avars, settled in the Hungarian plains and used this area as a base of operations to raid Byzantine territory south of the Danube River and even go into the Arab Calphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many slavics took Charlemagnes name to be "King" Carolos because of how it was spoken in Latin |
|
|
Term
| 801- Conquest of Barcelona |
|
Definition
| Charlemagne crosses the Pyrrenees mountains into Spain and drove Muslim Arabs back, the established a count at Barcelona to rule this Frankish order of Spain; one of the first successful arab defeats |
|
|
Term
| Renovatio Romani Imperii> visit to Ravenna |
|
Definition
| reformed administration, no count had hereditary power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said most of the popes and priests lineage back to the senate so they should represent control of the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After reading the story of Jesus at the Christmas service, Pope Leo Saluted Charlemagne as Roman Emperor, successor of Augustus, Hadrian, Constantine and Justinian |
|
|
Term
| Emperor Irene in Constantinople (797-802) |
|
Definition
| a woman seized the throne of East Roman empire; army obeyed her but technically a woman couldn't be emperor according to Roman law; Charlemagne used this opportunity to have himself made emperor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charlemagne kept moving his counts so they would not consider their appointment and hereditary position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| messengers of the king- they supervised the counts; usually chosen from bishops or abbots, made reviews of the count's governing, would issue a report and Charlemagne could either punish or reward the count on the basis of this report |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wanted to restore cultural level of his Frankish state to what existed in Rome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| church modeled after San Vitale which became a palace school |
|
|
Term
| Alcuin (Anglo-Saxon monk) |
|
Definition
| hired and put in charge of Aachen school palace; developed a new script of Latin; developed Carolginian minischule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote a detailed history of his Lombard tribe, Charlemagne's old enemy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studied Latin under Alcuin and then wrote a short biography of Charlemagne which was so well written experts thought it was a Renaissance fake written |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote first Latin poetry in over 200 years- Christmas song o come emmanuel |
|
|
Term
| Louis the Pious (814-840) counts revolt |
|
Definition
| wanted to be in the monastery but had to leave to rule, pushed back Vikings to the coasts but couldn't control his own counts and was too pious to shed the blood of fellow Christians |
|
|
Term
| 840 Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German |
|
Definition
| Louis the Pious's sons; fought against him and fought against each other |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| brothers fought against each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the three brothers met and permanently divided their grandfather's empire (Charlemagne's) into three parts |
|
|
Term
| West Frankia, Lothar's Land, East Frankia |
|
Definition
| West Frankia was controlled by Charles took over and this became France with new, later latin emerging; Lothar's territory, Rome and Aachen aka Lorraine fell apart immediately; East Frankia would later become Germany |
|
|
Term
| 596 Saint Augustine and Benedictine monastery at Canterbury |
|
Definition
| , Augustine was prior of the Benedictine monastery of St. Andrew, Rome, when Pope St. Gregory I the Great chose him to lead an unprecedented mission of about 40 monks to England, which was then largely pagan. They left in June 596, but, arriving in southern Gaul, they were warned of the perils awaiting them and sent Augustine back to Rome. There Gregory encouraged him with letters of commendation (dated July 23, 596), and he set out once more. |
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