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| microscopic anatomy (fine anatomy), aka cadaver anatomy |
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Definition
| considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification |
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| analyzes the internal structure of cells |
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| gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) |
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Definition
| considers relatively large structures and features visible to the unaided eye |
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Definition
| the study of general form (morphology) and superficial anatomical markings |
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Definition
| considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk |
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Definition
| considers the structure of major organ systems (e.g. cardiovascular system) |
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| How many organ systems are in the human body? |
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Definition
| There are 11 organ systems in the human body. |
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Definition
| examines the changes in form that occur during the period between conception and physical maturity. Involves the studies of microscopic and gross anatomy |
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| the study of the early developmental processes |
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| When do the most extensive structural changes occur in the body? |
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Definition
| Within the first two months of development |
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| considers the anatomical organization of different types of animals. Observed similarities may reflect evolutionary relationships |
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| focuses on anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness |
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| studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures |
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| involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by s-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body |
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Definition
| subspecialty of gross anatomy. can be seen by the use of CT and MRI |
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| decision about the nature of an illness. often a process of elimination. All diagnostic procedures presuppose an understanding of the normal structure and function of the human body |
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Term
| Which four elements account for over 99% of the total number of atoms in the human body? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen |
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Definition
| the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment suitable for the survival of body cells and tissues |
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| a failure to maintain homeostatic conditions |
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| organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment |
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| protection from environmental hazards; temperature control |
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Definition
| support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation |
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| locomotion, support, heat production |
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| directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating activities of other organ systems |
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| directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems |
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| internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases |
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| defense against infection and disease |
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Definition
| delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood |
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Definition
| processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water |
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Definition
| elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH |
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| production of sex cells and hormones |
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| all chemical operations underway in the body. normal metabolic operations require the absorption of materials form the environment |
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Definition
| the breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones |
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Definition
| the synthesis of complex molecules from simple ones |
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| the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells |
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Definition
| the removal process of waste products |
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Definition
| complex foods are broken down into simpler components that can be absorbed easily |
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Definition
| laying face up in the anatomical position |
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Definition
| laying face down in the anatomical position |
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| refers to the back of the body |
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| away from an attached base |
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| at, near, or relatively close to the body surface |
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Definition
| toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface |
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Term
| transverse/horizontal section |
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Definition
| separates superior and inferior portions of the body; sections typically pass through head and trunk regions |
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Definition
| separates right and left portions |
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Definition
| the plane passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides |
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Definition
| misses the midline, separating right and left portions of unequal size |
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Definition
| separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull |
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Term
| ventral body cavity/coelom |
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Definition
| contains organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems |
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Definition
| enclosed by the chest wall and the diaphragm. top of ventral cavity |
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Definition
| enclosed by the abdominal wall and pelvis. bottom of ventral cavity |
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Definition
| internal organs that project into the moist, internal chambers of the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
| left and right pleural cavities |
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Definition
| within the thoracic cavity. separated by the mediastinum. each pleural cavity contains a lung. cavity lined with a serous membrane lining called a pleura. |
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Definition
| covers the outer surfaces of the lung |
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Definition
| covers the opposing mediastinal surface and the inner body wall of the pleural cavity |
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Definition
| small chamber that surrounds the heart |
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Definition
| serous membrane covering the heart |
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Definition
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| the opposing surface to the heart |
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Definition
| slippery; prevents friction between the heart and adjacent structures in the mediastinum |
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Definition
| internal chamber of the abdominopelvic cavity that is lined by the peritoneum (a serous membrane) |
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Definition
| lines the body wall of the peritoneal cavity |
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Definition
| covers the enclosed organs in the peritoneal cavity |
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Definition
| double sheets of peritoneum which support organs such as teh stomach, small intestine, and portions of the large intestine. provide support and stability while permitting limited movement for organs |
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Definition
| extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to an imaginary plane extending form the inferior surface of the lowest spinal vertebra to the anterior and superior margins of the pelvic girdle. |
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Term
| organs of the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
| liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine. these organs project partially or completely into the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the ventral body cavity inferior to the abdominal cavity. enclosed by the bones of the pelvis |
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Term
| organs of the pelvic cavity |
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Definition
| last segments of the large intestine, urinary bladder, various reproductive organs (female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus. male: prostate gland, seminal glands) |
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Definition
| one of four divisions of the abdominal surface |
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Term
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Definition
| one of nine divisions of the abdominal surface |
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Term
| CT, CAT (computerized axial tomography) |
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Definition
| an imaging technique that reconstructs the three dimensional structure of the body |
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Term
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
| An imaging technique that employs a magnetic field and radio waves to portray subtle structural differences |
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Term
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Definition
| a physician who specializes in performing and analyzing diagnostic imaging procedures |
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Definition
| an imaging technique that uses brief bursts of high frequency sound reflected by internal structures |
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Definition
| high energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues |
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Term
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Definition
1) Chemical or Molecular levels
-atoms in combination
-complex protein molecule
-protein filaments
2) cellular level
-heart muscle cell
2)Cellular level
-heart muscle cell
3) tissue level
-cardiac muscle tissue
4) organ level
-the heart
5) organ system level |
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Term
| 5 qualities of an organism |
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Definition
1) Responsiveness
2)Growth differentiation
3) Reproduction
4) Movement
5) Metabolism and excretion |
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| the segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm |
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| the groin (crease between thigh and trunk) |
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| the leg, from knee to ankle |
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Definition
| plantar region of the foot (sole) |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. part of cutaneous membrane that covers surface; protects deeper tissues |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. part of cutaneous membrane that nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands. |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. produce hair; innervation provides sensation |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. provide some protection for head |
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Definition
| Part of the hair follicle in integumentary system. secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. produce perspiration for evaporative cooling |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. protect and stiffen distal tips of digits |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures |
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Term
| bones, cartilages, and joints |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. support, protect soft tissues; bones store minerals |
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Term
| axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages and ligaments) |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity; supports the body weight over the lower limbs |
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Term
| appendicular skeleton (limbs and supporting bones and ligaments) |
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Definition
| Part of the integumentary system. provides internal support and positioning of the limbs; supports and moves axial skeleton |
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Definition
| Part of the muscular system. provide skeletal movement; control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts, and exits of digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissues |
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Definition
| Part of the muscular system. support and position axial skeleton |
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Definition
| Part of the muscular system. support, move, and brace limbs |
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Definition
| Part of the muscular system. harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| Part of the nervous system. acts as control center for nervous system; processes information; provides short-term control over activities of other systems |
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Definition
| Part of the nervous system. performs complex integrative functions; controls both voluntary and autonomic activities |
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Definition
| Part of the nervous system. relays information to and from brain; performs less complex integrative functions; directs many simple involuntary activities |
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Definition
| Part of the nervous system. provide sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| Part of the nervous system. links CNS with other systems and with sense organs |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. may control timing of reproduction and set day-night rythms |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. controls other endocrine glands; regulates growth and fluid balance |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. regulate calcium levels (with thyroid) |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. controls maturation of lymphocytes |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. regulates blood clucose levels |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system. testes and ovaries |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system and male reproductive system. produce sperm and hormones |
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Definition
| Part of the endocrine system and female reproductive system. produce oocytes and hormones |
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Definition
| Part of the cardiovascular system. propels blood; maintains blood pressure |
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Definition
| Part of the cardiovascular system. distribute blood around the body |
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Definition
| Part of the cardiovascular system. blood vessels which carry blood from heart to capillaries |
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Definition
| Part of the cardiovascular system. blood vessels which permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids |
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Definition
| Part of the cardiovascular system. blood vessels which return blood from capillaries to the heart |
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Definition
| Part of the cardiovascular system. transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells; delivers nutrients and hormones; removes waste products; assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease |
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Definition
| Part of the lymphoid system. carry lymph (water and proteins) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| Part of the lymphoid system. monitor the composition of lymph; engulf pathogens; stimulate immune response |
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Definition
| Part of the lymphoid system. monitors circulating blood; engulfs pathogens and recycles red blood cells; stimulates immune response |
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Definition
| Part of the lymphoid system. controls development and maintenance of one class of lymphocytes (T cells) |
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Term
| nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses |
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Definition
| Part of the respiratory system. filter, warm, humidify air; detect smells |
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Definition
| Part of the respiratory system. conducts air to larynx; a chamber shared with the digestive tract |
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Definition
| Part of the respiratory system. protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords |
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Definition
| Part of the respiratory system. filters air, traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airway open |
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Definition
| Part of the respiratory system. filters air, traps particles in mucus; cartilages keep airway open (same function as trachea) through volume changes |
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Definition
| Part of the respiratory system. responsible for air movement during movements of ribs and diaphragm; include airways and alveoli |
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Definition
| Part of the respiratory system. act as sites of gas exchange between air and blood |
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Definition
| Part of the digestive system. receptacle for food; works with associated structures (teeth, tongue) to break up food and pass food and liquids to pharynx |
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Definition
| Part of the digestive system. provide buffers and lubrication; produce enzymes that begin digestion |
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| Part of the digestive system. conducts solid food and liquids to esophagus; chamber shared with respiratory tract |
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Definition
| Part of the digestive system. delivers food to stomach |
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| Part of the digestive system. secretes acids and enzymes |
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Definition
| Part of the digestive system. secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; absorbs nutrients |
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Definition
| Part of the digestive system. secretes bile; regulates nutrient composition of blood |
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Definition
| Part of the digestive system. stores and concentrates bile for release into small intestine |
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Definition
| Part of the digestive system. secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; contains endocrine cells |
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| Part of the digestive system. removes water from fecal matter; stores wastes |
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| Part of the urinary system. form and concentrate urine; regulate blood pH and ion concentrations; perform endocrine functions |
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Definition
| Part of the urinary system. conduct urine from kidneys to urinary bladder |
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Definition
| Part of the urinary system. stores urine for eventual elimination |
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Definition
| Part of the urinary system. conducts urine to exterior |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. acts as site of sperm maturation |
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Term
| ductus deferens (sperm duct) |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. conducts sperm from the epididymis and merges with the duct of the seminal gland |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. secretes fluid and enzymes |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. conducts semen to exterior |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. secretes fluid and enzymes |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. accessory organ. conducts semen to exterior |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. external genetalia. contains erectile tissue; deposits sperm in vagina of female; produces pleasurable sensations during sexual activities. |
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Definition
| Part of the male reproductive system. external genetalia. surrounds the testes and controls their temperature |
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Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system. deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus; normal site of fertilization |
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Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system. site of embryonic development and exchange between maternal and embryonic bloodstreams |
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Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system. site of sperm deposition; acts as birth canal at delivery; provides passageway for fluids during menstruation |
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Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system. external genitalia. contains erectile tissue; produces pleasurable sensations during sexual activities. |
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Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system. external genitalia. contain glands that lubricate entrance to vagina |
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Definition
| Part of the female reproductive system. produce milk that nourishes newborn infant |
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| fingers or toes (digital or phalangeal) |
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