Term
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Definition
| The term proximal (Latin proximus; nearest) describes where the appendage joins the body, and the term distal (Latin distare; to stand away from) is used for the point furthest from the point of attachment to the body. ex the hand is distal to the elbow. the elbow is proximal to the hand. |
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Term
| ipsalateral vs contralater |
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Definition
| ipsa = on the same side. contra = opposite side. the left elbow is ipsalateral to the left hand. the left elbow is contralateral to the right hand. |
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Term
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Definition
Superficial (Latin superfacies; at the surface or face): near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. The opposite is "deep", or "visceral".
Deep: further away from the surface of the organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| medial = toward the midline. lateral = towards the left or right |
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Term
| the saggital plane divides the body where? |
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Definition
| in half right and left (like longitude) if in the middle, its the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| flexion and extension happen in what plane? what is the orientation of the axis? |
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Definition
| saggital. the axis is medial/lateral |
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Term
| abduction and adduction happen in what plane? what is the orientation of the axis? |
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Definition
| frontal. the axis is anterior/posterior |
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Term
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Definition
| divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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Term
| medial rotation vs lateral rotation |
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Definition
| internal rotation vs external rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| ventral (anterior) is towards the front. Dorsal (posterior) is towards the back) |
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Term
| an organ has 4 main tissue types. what are they? |
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| the parenchyma of an organ consists of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ. The stroma is everything else. (ex: stomach parenchyma is epitherlial tissues which secrete acids, the stroma is smooth muscle, nessels, nerves, and supporting connective tissue) |
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Term
| epithelial cells have an apical cell surface and a basillar surface. what are these? |
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Definition
| the apical surface is free but the basilar surface lies on a basement membrane which attaches to adjacent connective tissue |
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Term
| what is the most abundant tissue type in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a hallmark of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| specialized cells surrounded by a nonliving extracellular matric. tend to be very vascular |
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Term
| name some specialized connective tissue cell types. |
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Definition
| fibroblasts (most numerous), chondrocytes (in cartilage), osteoblasts, cyctes, and clasts (bone), adipocytes (fat), blood cells like macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can become any CT |
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Term
| what are the three types of loose CT? |
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Definition
| areolar tissue (packing material between skin, muscle nerves, and vessels - allows sliding), adipose tissue, reticular tissue (high in reticular fibers which support the cells of organs like the spleen). |
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Term
| what is dense irregular connective tissue? |
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Definition
| located in the dermis of the skin, joint capsules, nerve and muscle. it has irregularly arranged collagen fibers to allow the tissue to withstand stress from many directions |
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Term
| what is dense regular tissue? |
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Definition
| found in tendons, ligaments, and deep fascia. similar to irregular dense CT, but fibers are orderly arranged in parallel fashion to withstand tensile force in one direction |
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Term
| what is investing fascia? |
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Definition
| surrounds individual muscles |
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Term
| what is intermuscular septa? |
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Definition
| divides muscles into groups/compartments |
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Term
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Definition
| located between adjacent fascia. |
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Term
| what type of connective tissue is in the dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of CT is in the hypodermis? |
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Definition
| adipose and areolar tissue |
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Term
| does the epidermis have blood supply? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are dermal papillae? |
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Definition
| upward projections of the dermis which serve as attachment points for the epidermis |
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Term
| hair and glands are epidermal derivatives that extend into the dermis. what attaches hair and glands? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle fibers and arrector pilli |
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Term
| what are the types of dense regular connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do ligaments connect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle to bone. they are continuous with muscles at myotendinous junctions |
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Term
| what has fewer elastic fibers, tendons or ligaments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flat expanded tendons (palm) |
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Term
| are tendons and ligaments well vascularized? |
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Definition
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Term
| tendons are strongly innervated by what? |
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Definition
| proprioceptive sensory fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells called chondrocytes embedded within variable matrix fibers and ground substances. cartilage tissue is avascular and relies on diffusion. |
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Term
| what is hyaline cartilate? |
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Definition
| covers most bones at their joint surfaces. protects these surfaces, and also forms costal cartilage of the ribs, structure of the larynx, bronchi, |
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Term
| what is elastic cartilage? |
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Definition
| found in the external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube and larynx. |
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Term
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Definition
| function is to resist compressive and shear forces. found in intervertebral and articular discs, labrum and meniscus. also found at insertion sites for tendons, ligaments, and bone. |
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Term
| what is the function and structure of osseus tissue? |
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Definition
| all bone has a dense outer layer of compact bone, and an inner layer of trabecular bone. |
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Term
| what is the difference between compact bone and trabecular bone? |
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Definition
| compact bone has many vertical canals andtrabecular bone is foudn at the ends of long bones and is composed of networks of interconnecting bars and plates which offer resistance to compression and lighten the weight of the bone. trabeculae are arranged along with the direction of force placed upon the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical canals on compact bone which function to resist twisting and bending. |
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Term
| loss of minerals in bones results in what? |
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Definition
| osteoporosis. common in aging |
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Term
| How do we classify bones by shape? |
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Definition
| long, short, flat, or irregular, or sesamoid. |
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Term
| what are short, flat, and irregular bones |
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Definition
| they are thin plates of compact bone on the outside of trabecular bone on the inside. |
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Term
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Definition
| sesamoids are small bones embedded in tendons near joints that serve to lengthen the effective lever arm of the muscle |
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Term
| ia bone tissue well vascularized? |
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Definition
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Term
| is bone tissue well inervated? |
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Definition
| NO! there is no innervation. |
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Term
| what is periosteum? is it innervated? |
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Definition
| periosteum is a dense connective tissue covering the bone. (the CT lining the inner medullary cavity is the endosteum). VERY innervated. this is why bones hurt when you break them :) |
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Term
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Definition
Crest: ridge of bone (ex: the iliac crest at your waist)
Facet: smooth flat articulation (ex: superior/inferior articular facets of vertebral column)
Line: also known as “linea”. Linear elevation (ex: superior nuchal line of occiput)
Spine: elongated thorn-like process (ex: spine of scapula)
Condyle: rounded articulation (ex: condyles of the femur and humerus)
Epicondyle: eminence above a condyle (“epi” means above) (ex: epicondyles of femur and humerus)
Foramen: passage thru a bone (ex: vertebral foramen)
Fossa: a depression in a bone (ex: glenoid fossa of scapula)
Notch: indentation at edge of bone (ex: scapular notch)
Process: spine-like protuberance (ex: corocoid process of scapula; vertebral spinous process)
Protuberance: projection of bone (ex: external occipital protuberance of skull)
Malleolus: rounded prominence (ex: lateral malleolus of ankle)
Trochanter: large blunt elevation (ex: greater trochanter of femur)
Tubercle: small blunt or raised elevation/eminence (ex: greater and lesser tubercles of humerus)
Tuberosity: large rounded elevation (ex: tuberosities of radius and ulna) |
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Term
| what are bones formed from? |
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Definition
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Term
| define and explain intramembranous ossification and give an example which bones form that way |
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Definition
| mesenchymal cells → osteoblasts → bone. Mesenchymal models of bone form during the embryonic period and then begin to ossify during fetal life.ex:clavicle, skull, mandible |
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Term
| define and expain endochondral ossification and give an example |
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Definition
| mesenchymal cells → chondroblasts → hyaline cartilage model → bone. Cartilage models form from mesenchyme during the fetal period. Bone tissue replaces this model. ex:developing limbs |
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Term
| what is the epiphyseal plates and what are their function? |
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Definition
At birth, the diaphysis is
usually completely ossified but the two epiphyses are still cartilaginous. Thus, growth of the long bones occurs from secondary ossification centers
between the epiphysis and diaphysis at an area called the epiphyseal plate. Full linear growth occurs when the epiphyseal plates disappear and unite with the diaphyseal shaft |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is a synovial joint? |
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Definition
| Synovial joints are considered true joints where articulating bones are united at an articular capsule composed of an external fibrous layer and an internal synovial membrane |
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Term
| what is a fibrous or cartilaginous joint? |
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Definition
| a fibrous joint is a false joint where articulating bones are unites by fibrous CT. a cartilaginous joint is a false joint where the articulating bones are united by cartilage. |
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Term
| give some examples of fibrous joints |
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Definition
| sutures of the skull, syndesmosis (between radius and ulna) |
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Term
| give some examples of cartilaginous joints |
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Definition
Synchodroses: (Primary cartilaginous)
Joints are formed by hyaline cartilage and may allow some growth or bending. Examples: epiphyseal plate, sternocostal joints.
Symphyses: (Secondary cartilaginous)
Joints are formed by fibrocartilage. While only slight movement is allowed, strength and shock absorption is maximized. Examples: joints binding the discs and vertebrae within
the spinal column. |
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Term
| synovial joints have two layers. what are they? |
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Definition
| the external fibrous layer and the inner synovial membrane. |
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Term
| what is the external fibrous layer of a synovial joint |
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Definition
| usually hyaline cartilage but sometimes fibrocartilage. |
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Term
| what is the internal synovial membrane? |
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Definition
The fibrous capsule is a sleeve of dense
irregular CT which blends into the periosteum of the articulating
bones |
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Term
| is synovial membrane vasuclarized? |
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Definition
| yes, which is good because cartilage isnt! |
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Term
| what structures are associated with synovial joints? |
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Definition
| articular discs, menisci, fat pads |
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Term
| what are bursa and synovial sheaths? |
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Definition
| they are expanded synovial membranes that reduce friction between tendons, skin, and synovial joint surfaces. |
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Term
| what are the hallmarks of osteoarthritis? |
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Definition
| loss of joint space , pain and stiffness, osteophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| degeneration of joint cartilage and the underlying bone, most common from middle age onward. It causes pain and stiffness |
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Term
| what are the types of synovial joints? give an example of each |
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Definition
| hinge joints (uniaxial - elbow), pivot (uniaxial - vertebra), saddle (biaxial -thumb), condyloid (biaxial metacarpals), plane (AC joint), ball and socket (hip, shoulder) |
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Term
| articulating bone surfaces are lined by what type of cartilage usually? is it vascular? |
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Definition
| hyaline. it is both aneural and avascular. |
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Term
| is articular cartilage innervated? |
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Definition
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Term
| what two types of nerves are in the joint capsule |
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Definition
| pain fibers and proprioceptive fibers. |
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Term
| what are the types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle |
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Term
| structure and function of cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
Cardiac muscle forms most of the walls of the heart and great vessels.
Cardiac muscle is under intrinsic involuntary control but can be
modified by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). |
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Term
| structure and function of smooth muscles? |
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Definition
Smooth muscle forms part of the walls of most vessels and hollow organs. They are also found within the eye (i.e. iris and ciliary body)as well as hair follicles of the skin (i.e. arrector pili). Slow rhythmic
contractions of smooth muscle are controlled by the ANS. |
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Term
| structure and function of skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscles have a contractile portion composed of striated muscle tissue and a non-contractile portion composed of a large amount of CT collagen bundles. |
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Term
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Definition
| CT sheath that surrounds actin and myosin filaments of the contractile portion of skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large numbers of myofilaments are bundled into groups called fascicles by another CT sheath called the perimysium |
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Term
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Definition
| a tough dense sheath of CT covering the entire muscle |
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Term
| what is a proximal and distal attachement of muscles? |
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Definition
| origin, and insertion. usually the proximal attachment stays fixed and the distal attachment moves |
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Term
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Definition
| same as superior vs inferior. cranial is towards the head, caudal is towards the tail (or feet) |
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Term
| rotation occurs in what plane, and around what axis? |
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Definition
| it occurs in the transverse plane, and around the vertical or longitudinal axis |
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Term
| rotation occurs in what plane, and around what axis? |
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Definition
| it occurs in the transverse plane, and around the vertical or longitudinal axis |
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Term
| does epithelial tissue have a vasuclar supply? |
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Definition
| no. it receives nourishment via diffusion from underlying connective tissue vasculature. |
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Term
| what are the two types of glandular epithelium? |
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Definition
| endocrine (release hormones directly into the bloodstream), and exocrine (secretes into ducts) |
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Term
| What are the four types of CT? |
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Definition
| CT proper, cartilage, bone, and specialized |
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Term
| what are the three types of CT proper? |
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Definition
| loose CT, dense irregular CT, and dense regular CT. |
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Term
| what exocrine glands are located within the skin? |
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Definition
| sebaceous (stimulated by hormones) and sweat glands (stimulated by cholinergic sympathetic nerve fibers) |
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Term
| what is the diaphysis and the epiphysis? how do their tissue distrubutions differ? |
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Definition
| long bones have a diaphysis which is the outer tubular shaft formed of compact bone, the epiphysis (head) consists of the trabecular bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone. |
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Term
| define the appendicular and axial skeleton |
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Definition
| appendicular consists of the bones of the limbs + shoulder girdle + pelvis. axial consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum ( |
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Term
| what are the types of vertebra and how many are their of each? |
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Definition
| there are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 fused coccyx vertebra. total is 33. |
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