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| bring slide into focus by bringing stage closer |
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| Imersion Oil is necessary for... |
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1) more clearity
2) avoid the glass scraping |
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| controls the angle at which light approaches |
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| Iris Diaphragm control lever |
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| Once an object is in focus at lower magnification it will remain in focus at higher mag |
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| collection of procedures used in Microbiology that prevent contamination of cultures |
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| used for transporting microorganisms from one place to another |
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| difference between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic |
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Prokaryotic is smaller
no true nucleus
no organelles |
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highly organized jelly-caoting
(helps stick to environment)
also provides protection |
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| 4 groups of microorganisms |
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Protozoa
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi |
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generated to survive in harsh conditions
"reanimate itself" |
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| a population of bacterial cells that arose from a single cell |
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| Microscope used to view bacterial colonies |
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| Binocular dissecting microscopes |
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| positively charged dye is used to stain an organism |
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| deep purple dye used in staining is... |
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| in red blood cells, bind oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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| function of red blood cells |
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transportation of gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
throughout the body |
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| Mature RBCS lack what two things |
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become less and less active over time
live about 120 days |
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| Two major categories of Red Blood Cells |
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Granulocytes
Agranulocytes |
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| Red Blood cells (RBC's) are also called what? |
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-Neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils |
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Most abundant RBC
Function: Phagocytize bacteria |
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| RBC function: Kill parasitic works, inactivate inflammatory chemicals during allergic reaction |
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| Function: Release Histamine and Heparin |
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| Function: causes inflamation |
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| Function: an anticoagulant |
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Largest WBC
Function: Phagocytize bacteria/dead or dying cells/ debris |
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| Monocytes change to ___ when active |
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| Lymphocytes have 2 major types, what are they? |
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| directly attack forign cells |
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| produce antibodies against foreign cells and proteins |
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| Involved in blood clotting |
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| Platelets arise from ____ |
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| generic name for cell surface protein or other component that may induce an immune response |
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Clumping of RBC's due to interaction of antigens and antibodies |
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| red blood cells burst, release hemoglobin and cause kidney failure |
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condition of fetus that is Rh+ and being carried by mother who ise RH-
fatal to fetus |
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| Eryythroblastosis fetalis |
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Term
| within the male testes, the formation of sperm cells take place in the |
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| The portion of the blastocyst that gives rise to the embyro is known as |
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| female structure homologous to the male penis is |
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| divides the testes into lobules |
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| produce male sex hormones |
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| testes descend through the ______ canal into the scrotum via ______________ action |
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Definition
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| midpiece of sperm contains: |
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| Function: Sperm maturation and storage. |
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| Ductus Deferns is part of the... |
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| Ductus Deferens dialtes into an ____ near its termination |
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attatches to ductus deferens
Secretes alkaline fluid |
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| Prostate Gland secretes... |
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| Secretes mucus-like fluid used for lubrication during sexual intercourse |
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| sac that contains the testes |
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| _____ and ______ move the scrotume closer or farther from body |
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| Dartos and cremaster muscle |
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| Conveys both urine and semen via urethra |
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| Shaft has three colums of erectile tissue ______ (makes up pair) and ________ |
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| Corpus cavernosa, corpus spongiosum |
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| contains blood and lymphatic vessels |
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| contains ovarian follicles |
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Broad ligament
suspensory ligament
Ovarian ligament |
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| ligament that holds ovary in place |
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| holds ovary at its upper end |
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| attaches ovary to uterus at its lower end |
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| contain primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells |
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| mature follicle swells rapidly, appears as blister on ovary and ruptures so the oocyte is released |
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| _____ movement and ______ contratctions move the egg down the tube towards uterus |
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| Uterus wall composed of 3 layers: |
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Definition
Endometrium (innermost)
myometrium (Muscular)
Perimetrium |
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| upper two thirds of uterus constitues the _____ and lower third is the _____ |
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| extends from the uterus to the outside and is posterior to the urethra |
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Protect other external reproductive organs
Homologous to male scrotum |
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| hood-like covering over clitoris |
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Space inclosed by labia Minora
Homologous to male bulbourethral gland
Provides most sexual lubrication |
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| Surrounds nipple, area of pigmented skin |
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| located in female breast within the subcutaneous tissue |
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| an increase in size through an increase in cell numbers/enlargement of cells |
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| continual process of changing from one life phase to the other |
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| when sperm reach the egg cell it must penetrate the outter layers of the _____ and bind to the ______ |
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| Corona radiata, zona pellucida |
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| lysosomes release enzymes that cause the zona pellucida to harden preventing_____ |
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Definition
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| egg completes _____ once sperm penetrates it |
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| process of cellular division the produces genetically identical cells |
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Definition
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| when mitosis doubles the number of cells formed is called: |
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| cells produced by cleavage |
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Definition
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| once the embryo reaches the uterus it is called _____ (a solid ball of 16 cells) |
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| a Morula gives rise to a ____ |
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Definition
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| the wall of the blastocys, gives rise to support structures like placenta |
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| When the blastocyst digests away some of the endometrial tissue and sinks into the depression |
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| trophoblasts secret the hormone ______ |
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| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
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| a two layer structure that develps from trophoblast and forms outermost covering of the embryo, also helps form the placenta |
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| functions in exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between maternal and fetal blood (6th week) |
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| lasts from end of 2nd week until end of 8th week |
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| embyronic disk (inner cell mass) is made up of what two layers |
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| process that forms a third layer of cells called mesoderm |
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| primary germ layer that gives rise to nervous system and intergumentary system |
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| primary germ layer that gives rise to epithelial linings of digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder and urethra |
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Definition
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| primary germ layer that gives rise to muscle tissues, bond marrow, blood, kidneys, internal reproductive organs |
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| attatches the embryo and the developing placenta |
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| a tube extending from the yolk sac into the connecting stalk of the embryo and forms blood cells and umbulical arteries and veins |
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Definition
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| umbilical cord forms with 2_____ and 1____ |
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Definition
| umbilical arteries, umbilical vein |
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| Anterior Pituitary gland secrets what 6 hormones? |
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Definition
Growth hormonee (GH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) |
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| Posterior pitutary gland secrets what 2 hormones? |
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Definition
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone |
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| Thyroid Gland secretes what 3 hormones? |
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Definition
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcatonin |
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| Adrenal Medulla secretes what 2 hormones? |
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Definition
Epinephrine
norepinephrine |
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| Adrenal Cortex secretes what 3 hormones? |
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Definition
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Adrenal Andorgens and estrogens |
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| Pancreas Secretes what 3 hormones? |
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Definition
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| Pineal Gland secrets what hormone? |
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Definition
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| Thymus gland secrets what 3 hormones? |
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Definition
Thymic factor
Thymosins
Thymopoietins |
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| Ovaries Secrete what 2 hormones |
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Definition
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| Testes secrete what hormone? |
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Definition
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| Stimulates cell division; regulates metabolism |
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone function: |
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Definition
| Stimulates normal development, growth and secretory action of the thyroid gland |
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Definition
| Stimulates breast milk production |
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| Lutenizing hormone function: |
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Definition
Females: Stimulates ovulation and production of estrogen and progesterone.
Males: Stimulates testosterone production |
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| Follicle-stimulating hormone function: |
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Definition
| Stimulates gamete formation |
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| Adrenocorticotropin hormone function: |
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| Stumulate adrenal cortex to release hormones that are used to resist stressors |
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| Causes smooth muscle of uterus and mammary glands to contract |
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| Antidiuretic hormone function: |
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Definition
| Helps maintain water balance by preventing urin formation; vasoconstrictor |
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| oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone are produced where? |
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Definition
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| Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine functions: |
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Definition
| helps maintain adequate metabolic rates in target cells |
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Definition
| decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels |
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| Parathyroid hormone function: |
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| Increases blood calcium levels |
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine functions: |
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Definition
| Both hormones bring about the fight or flight response |
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| Aldosterone function and where it is produced |
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Definition
produced in the zona flomerulosa
helps with retaining sodium and excreting potassium |
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| Cortisol function and where it's produced |
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Definition
produced in the zona fasciculata
Helps body resist stressors by influencing metabolic rates in target cells |
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| adrenal androgens and estrogens where they are produced and function |
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Definition
produced in the zona reticularis
serve as supplementary sex hormones |
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| Glucogon produced by what and function: |
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Definition
produced by alpha cells
increase blood glucose level |
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Term
| Insulin produced where and function |
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Definition
produced by Beta cells
decreases blood glucose level |
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| Somatosin produced by what and function |
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Definition
produced by delta cells
inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| helps regulate sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
Thymosins
Thymopoietins
thymic factor
functions: |
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Definition
| all influence production and differentiation of T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| development and maintainence of secondary sexual characteristics |
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| function of progesterone: |
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Definition
| causes changes in the uterus and mammary glands during reproductive cycle |
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