Term
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Definition
| Both sensory and motor systems containing axons with myelin formed by oligodendrocytes undergo inflammatory rxn - only nerve affected is the optic nerve because myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelin formed by Schwann cells undergoes an acute inflammatory responds after a respiratory or GI illness - motor axons always affected, causing weakness of the limbs. Sensory defecst are mild or absent |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesion in preganglionic or postganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate sweat glands (anhydrosis-inability to sweat) and blood vessels in the face and scalp and 2 smooth muscles in orbit (ptosis-drooping of eyelid and miosis-constriction of pupil) |
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Term
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Definition
| Degeneration of preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons - impotence, urine retention, dizziness on standing, blurred vision, inability to sweat |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of neural crest cells to migrate into descending colon, sigmoid colon or rectum or to differentiate into terminal parasympathetic ganglia - distended bowel proximal to segment |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve fibers are compressed and the firing of the neuron is altered |
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Term
Irritative lesions of sensory fibers can result in
Irritative lesions of motor fibers can result in |
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Definition
Hypesthesia (reduced sensation)
Altered sensation (paresthesia)
Weakness (paresis) of skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve fibers are severely compressed or severed, resulting in a loss of the ability of the nerve to conduct impulses |
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Term
| Destructive lesions of sensory fibers result in |
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Definition
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Term
| Destructive lesions of motor fibers results in |
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Definition
| Paralysis of denervated skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Collagenous or fibrocartilaginous connective tissue occupies space between bony elements - little movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposed bones separated by space with synovial fluid - free movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibodies attach AcH receptors, resulting in defective neuromuscular transmission - muscles (esp ocular) innervated with cranial nerves are affected. Pt has bilateral ptosis and horizonal diplopia and wekaness in chewing and muscles of facial expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Immuonological disorder of calcium ion channels in nerves at end plate (neuromuscular junction) proximal muscles in limbs are affected |
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Term
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Definition
| May metastasize through lymph channels (supraclavicular lymph nodes act as sentinel nodes) or penetreate wall of tributary of pulmonary vein and spread through circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops in the apical part of the superior lobe of either lung and may cause thoracic outlet syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| Compression of the paravertebral column at the level of the stellate ganglion (Horner's syndrome), inferior trunk of brachial plexus (Horner's syndrome), subclavian vessels (decreased radial pulse), or recurrent laryngeal nerve (hoarseness and dysphagia) |
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Term
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Definition
| Develop in superior or anterior mediastinum - obstructed left brachioephalic vein and chest pain |
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Term
| What courses in the lesser omentum? |
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Definition
| Right and left gastric arteries |
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Term
| What courses in the gastrocolic ligament (part of greater omentum) |
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Definition
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Term
| What courses in the gastrosplenic ligament (part of greater omentum)? |
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Definition
| Short gastric arteries and the left gastroepiploic ligament |
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Term
| Where will collateral circulation develop if the celiac artery is occuled at its origin? |
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Definition
| Head of pancreas through anastomoses between the pancreaticoduodenal branches of both the superior mesenteric and gastroduodenal arteries |
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Term
| What artery will be subject to erosion by the contents of a penetrating ulcer in the posterior wall of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What artery will be subject to erosion of an ulcer of the lesser curvature of the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will be subject to erosion by an ulcer that penetrates the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where may contents of a an ulcer of the posterior wall of the stomach or the duodenum enter? |
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Definition
| Omental bursa --> fluid may pass through the epiploic foramen into teh subhepatic recess |
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Term
| Where do carcinomas of the stomachs commonly develop? |
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Definition
| Pyloric part and metastasize to the cisternal chyli through the thoracic duct and to the left brachiocephalic vein |
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Term
| What acts as a sentinel node for gastric carcinoma? |
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Definition
| Left supraclavicular node of Virchow |
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Term
| What is a common site for impacted gallstone? |
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Definition
| Hepatopancreatic ampulla (where bile duct and main pancreatic duct meet) --> referred pain in epigastric region |
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Term
| Give symptoms of stone blocking cystic duct |
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Definition
| Enlargement of gallbladder; biliary colic --> severe colicky pain that begins in the epigastric region but moves to a point where the 9th costal cartilage intersects the lateral border of the rectus sheath |
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Term
| How can a gallstone pass into the duodenum? |
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Definition
| If an inflamed gallbladder adheres to duodenum and develops a fistula |
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Term
| Where do pancreatic adenocarcinomas commonly develop and what can happen to the ducts? |
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Definition
| Head of pancreas --> cause compression of bile duct (cause jaundice) or main pancreatic duct (inflamed pancreas causing a localized ileus in duodenum adjacent to area of inflammation --> inflamation compressing duodenum and preventing flow of material) |
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Term
| What may compress the horizontal part of the duodenum? |
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Definition
| Superior mestenteric vessels --> will cause epigastric pain, nausea after a meal, and bilious vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
| Vomiting of blood --> bleeding into lumen of esophagus, stomach, or duodenum proximal to ligament of Treitz |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood in stool --> bleeding into lumen of jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum |
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Term
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Definition
| Black, tarry stools that contain blood altered by gastric secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| Coffee-ground appearance of vomitus |
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Term
| What is a Merkel's diverticulum? |
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Definition
| Remnant of the fetal vitelline duct (persists as an outpocketing of the ileum). True diverticulum located 2ft from the ileocecal junction and may contain ectopic gastric and pancreatic cells --> bleeding (ulceration of ectopic cells), obstruction, pain referred over T10. |
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Term
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Definition
| protrusions of GI tract that include all the layers of the affected structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Protrusions of GI tract that do not contain all tissue layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammed appendix because of an obstruction of a stool (fecalith) or hyperplasia of its lymphatic tissue --> may stiumalte visceral pain fibers that result in colicky pain referred over umbilicated region (irritation of parietal peritoneum may result in pain localized over the base of the appendix. |
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Term
| What may be lesioned in appendectomy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an intussception? |
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Definition
| Part of the small intestine invaginates into adjacent distal segment (intussuscipiens) --> most commonly ileocecal --> patients (usually children) may have an obstructed bowel, right-sided colicky pain, abdominal distension, and hematochezia |
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Term
| What is a sigmoid volvulus? |
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Definition
| Sigmoid colon twists around the sigmoid mesocolon and may become obstructed --> experience left-sided colicky pain, abdominal distension, and hematochezia |
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Term
| What is a common site of multiple pulsion diverticula? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| False diverticula that form when the mucosa and submucosa herniate through the smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflamed diverticula --> if a diverticulum ruptures, the ruptured contents may irritate the parietal peritoneum, resulting in pain localized to the left lower quadrant |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of neural crest cells to migrate into hindgut or differentiate into terminal parasympathetic ganglia -> experience constriction in affected sement and dilated large bowel proximal to the affected segment |
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Term
| What causes portal hypertension? |
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Definition
| Cirrhosis of liver (destruction of hepatocytes and replacement of hepatocytes by fibrous tissue) --> venous blood from GI structures which normally enters by way of the portal vein is forced to flow in retrograde direction in tributaries of portal vein --> forces portal venous blood into capillary beds which drain into tributaries of the superior or inferior vena cava (portacaval anastomoses are established at these sites) |
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Term
| Name three sites of portacaval anastomoses (where blood goes if portal vein flow is backed up) |
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Definition
| Wall of the esophagus (junction of capillary beds draining into left gastric vein (portal) and esophageal tributaries of azygous vein (caval system)); wall of the rectum at the junction of the internal rectal plexus (drains into the superior rectal system (portal) and external rectal plexus (drains into middle or inferior rectal veins); anterior abdominal wall at the junction of capillary beds draining into the paraumbilical veins (portal) and tributaries of the superficial epigastric veins (drain anterior abdominal wall - caval) |
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Term
| Name three symptoms of liver cirrhosis caused by the formation of anastomoses between portal and caval systems |
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Definition
| Esophageal varicies, internal hemorrhoids (painless protrusions of the anal canal - contain dilated veins of internal rectal venous plexus), caput medusa (pattern of varicose superficial epigastric veins that radiate away from the umbilicus); splenamegaly (portal hypertension) |
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Term
| What are two sites of ischemic bowel infarction (no blood supply)? |
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Definition
Infarction of transverse colon between the distal parts of the middle colic branches and the left colic branches
Infarction of the rectum occurs between the distal parts of the superior rectal arteries (IMA) and the middle rectal arteries (internal iliac) |
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Term
| What is a common site of an aortic aneurysm? |
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Definition
| Proximal to the bifurcation of the aorta (into the iliacs) at the L4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of bone tissue caused by disruption of arterial blood supply |
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Term
| Name the four cranial nerves that carry preganglionic parasympathetic axons out of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the arteries that supply the breast |
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Definition
| Medial mammary branches and anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic; lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial arteries of axillary artery; posterior intercostals |
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Term
| Where does the breast lymph drain? |
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Definition
75% (especially from lateral quadrants) - axillary lymph nodes
25% (medial quadrants) - parasternal nodes |
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Term
| Name signs of breast cancer |
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Definition
| Deviation of the nipple and leatherlike, thickened appearance of skin (interference with lymphatic drainage of breast); larger dimples (cancer invasion of glandular tissue and fibrous degeneration of Cooper's ligaments); enlarged axillary lymph nodes (through the lymph system, can travel to supraclavicular lymph nodes, opposite breast, or abdomen); invade deep pectoral fascia or interpectoral nodes (breast elevates when muscle contracts) |
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Term
| What is the difference between a simple mastectomy and a radial mastectomy? |
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Definition
Simple mastectomy - breast is removed to the retromammary space
Radial mastectomy - removal of breast, pectoral muscles, fat fascia, and all lymph nodes |
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Term
| What is a herpes zoster infection? |
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Definition
| Viral disease of the spinal ganglia - produces a sharp burning pain in the dermatome supplied by the involved nerve |
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Term
| Which side of the body has the brachiocephalic trunk? |
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Definition
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Term
Define the following joints:
Costovertebral
Costotransverse
Costochondral
Sternocostal
Sternoclavicular |
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Definition
Costovertebral - rib head with superior/inferior demifacet
Costotransverse - rib tubercle with transverse process
Costochondral - between rib and cartilage
Sternocostal - between cartilage and sternum
Sternoclavicular - between sternum and clavicle |
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Term
What forms the following surfaces of the heart:
Anterior
Diaphragmatic
Pulmonary (left) |
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Definition
Anterior - right ventricle
Diaphragmatic - mainly by left ventricle
Pulmonary - left ventricle |
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Term
What forms the four borders of the heart:
Right
Inferior
Left
Superior |
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Definition
Right - right atrium
Inferior - right ventricle, slightly by left ventricle
Left - left ventricle/left auricle
Superior |
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