Term
| vertebral level of left kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vertebral level of right kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rib articulation with vertebrae |
|
Definition
superior articular facet of rib = articulates with the inferior costal facet of vertebra above it
inferior articular facet of rib = articulates with superior costal facetown vertebrae
tubercle of rib = articulates with the transverse process of its own rib |
|
|
Term
| which muscle is located between the subclavian artery and vein, as they run over the 1st rib? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the joint between rib 1 and sternum synovial |
|
Definition
| no, fibrocartilaginous connection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transverse thoracic plane (T4-5)
- separates superior and inferior mediastinum
- marks the superior border of the pericardium
- marks the starting point for the arch of the aorta (supine position)
- bifurcation of the trachea
- superior to the pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| superior angle of the scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inferior angle of the scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does breast cancer develop |
|
Definition
cells of the acini
lactiferous ducts
lobules of the breasts |
|
|
Term
| which nerves can be damaged in a radical masectomy? |
|
Definition
long thoracic = winged scapula
thoracodorsal = affects actionsof the latissimus dorsi |
|
|
Term
| flow of milk through the breasts |
|
Definition
| secretory lobules --> lactiferous ducts --> lactiferous sinuses --> nipple |
|
|
Term
| nipple location and innervation |
|
Definition
location = 4th intercostal space
innervation = 2nd-6th intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin = medial 1/2 of clavical, sternum and costal cartilage
insertion = lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
action = adducts, flexes and medially rotates the humerus
innervation = lateral and medial pectoral nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin = ribs 3-5
insertion = coracoid process
action = pulls the tip of the shoulder inferiorly (supports the shoulder)
innervation = medial pectoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| other muscles that contribute to respiration |
|
Definition
scalene muscles
posterior serratus muscle
deep back muscles |
|
|
Term
| borders for the "safe triangle" when placing a chest tube |
|
Definition
latissimus dorsi
pec major
apex of the axilla |
|
|
Term
| structures that pass through the diaphragm at T8 |
|
Definition
inferior vena cava
right phrenic nerve
pericardiacophrenic artery |
|
|
Term
| structures that pass through the diaphragm at T10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structures that pass through the diaphragm at T12 |
|
Definition
thoracic aorta
throacic duct |
|
|
Term
| vertebral location of the hilum of the lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| costodiaphragmatic recess |
|
Definition
most inferior recesses
location = 6, 8 and 10th ribs (medial --> lateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parasymphathetic = vagus nerve
sympathetic = from sympathetic trunks |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the fibrous pericardium |
|
Definition
phrenic nerve (C3-5)
vagus nerve (CN10)
sympathetic trunks |
|
|
Term
| innervation to the whole pericardium |
|
Definition
vagus nerve (CN10)
phrenic nerve (C3-5) = carries somatic afferent fibers (referred pain to C3-5 dermatomes)
sympathetic trunks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the jugular venous pulse does not go away upon inspiration
seen in constrictive pericarditis (abnormal thickening of the pericardial sac) |
|
|
Term
| diastole (what happens to the heart) |
|
Definition
relaxation and filling
openings to the coronary arteries are not blocked (are open) |
|
|
Term
| heart valve incompetence (insufficency) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stenosis = narrowing of the orfice because the valve cannot open fully |
|
|
Term
| sytole (what happens to the heart) |
|
Definition
contraction of the heart (both atria and ventricles)
opening to the coronary arteries are blocked |
|
|
Term
| vertebral level of the bifurcation of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medial border of the scapula |
|
Definition
with arm abducted:
- lies along the 6th rib
- marks the approximate location of the oblique fissure of the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5th intercostal space
referred to as the "point of maximum impulse" of heart |
|
|
Term
| median arcuate ligament of diaphragm |
|
Definition
attaches the diaphragm to the posterior wall of the thoracic
T12-L1 |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic innervation to the heart |
|
Definition
run with the vagus nerve
decrease heart rate, force of contraction and constric coronary arteries
cholinergic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects the aorta to the pulmonary veins (CT band in adults)
during fetal development, shunts the blood from the pulmonary veins to the aorta because mom was oxygenating the blood |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the esophagus |
|
Definition
vagus nerve and sympathetic turnks
sensory innervation = vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks and splenchnic nerves
pain = sympathetic turnks and splanchnic nerves (NOT vagus)
upper 1/2 of esophagus = recurrent laryngeal nerves
lower 1/2 of esophagus = esophageal plexus (from right and left vagus nerves)
- anterior vagal trunk = supplies anterior surface of esophagus (from left vagus nerve)
- posterior vagal trunk = supplies posterior surface of esophagus (from right vagus nerve) |
|
|
Term
| arteries and veins of the esophagus |
|
Definition
esophageal arteries (from the thoracic aorta)
azygous vein and hemiazygous vein |
|
|
Term
| to which vein does the thoracic duct drain |
|
Definition
| left brachiocephalic vein |
|
|
Term
| three major splanchnic nerves |
|
Definition
greater splanchnic (T5-9) --> celiac ganglion
lesser splanchnic nerve (10-11) --> aorticorenal ganglion
least splanchnic nerves (12) --> renal plexus |
|
|
Term
| lumbar lymph nodes consist of which nodes |
|
Definition
preaortic lymph nodes
lateral aortic lymph nodes
preaortic lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| transverse pericardial space |
|
Definition
| space that you can put your fingers in during surgery to clamp off the aortic vessels. Found between the pulmonary veins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what it the most prominent layer of an artery?
characteristics? |
|
Definition
tunica media
concentric layers of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
reticular fibers (collagen Type III)
proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| what separates the media from the intima in arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cells synthesize the ECM in blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cells synthesize the ECM in blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most prominent layer in veins |
|
Definition
tunica adventitia
CT (type I collagen)
elastic fibers
smooth muscle
arranged longitudinally |
|
|
Term
| what underlies the endocardium? |
|
Definition
| subendocardium (underlies endothelial lining) |
|
|
Term
| in what layer of the heart are purkinje fibers located? |
|
Definition
| endocardium (subendocardium) |
|
|
Term
| how are the layers of the myocardium arranged? |
|
Definition
inner = circular
outer = longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| what structures differentiate myocardium from other layers of the heart? |
|
Definition
intercalated discs
lipofuscin |
|
|
Term
| the epicardium makes up what layer of the pericardium specifically? |
|
Definition
| visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in location of the internal elastic lamina/membrane when you compare elastic and muscular arteries |
|
Definition
elastic arteries = found in the tunica media and tunica adventia
muscular artery = prominent in the tuninca intima only |
|
|
Term
| what does PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) do? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cell proliferation --> implicated in atherosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| what are the differentiating characteristics between arteries and arterioles? |
|
Definition
arterioles:
- thin subendothelium
- invisible internal elastic lamina
- media is much smaller (1-2 layers)
- very thin adventitia |
|
|
Term
| differentiate between the three types of capillaries |
|
Definition
continuous = somatic capillaries, tight junctions (CNS, PNS, muscle, endocrine, CT)
fenestrated = visceral capillaries (glomerulus of kidney, median eminence)
sinusoidal = discontinuous capillaries (liver, lymphodi, spleen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| differentiate between venules, veins and large veins |
|
Definition
venules = very thing walls
veins = thin intima and media, very big adventia
large veins = thick intima, thin media, very big adventitia |
|
|
Term
| are olfactory epithlium the same as respiratory epithelium? |
|
Definition
| they are both pseudostratified columnar but olfactory epithelium act very differently |
|
|
Term
| why are olfactory cells considered bipolar? |
|
Definition
apical surface = have olfactory cells and vesicles with non-motile cilia
basal surface = gives rise to axons that form the olfactory nerve (CN1) |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue if found in the epiglottis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two surfaces of the epiglottis? what type of epithelium does each have? |
|
Definition
lingula surface (facing the tongue) = statified squamous epithelium
laryngeal surface = pseudostratified columnar with cilia |
|
|
Term
| what are the three laryngeal cartilages? |
|
Definition
| thyroid, cricoids, arytenoids |
|
|
Term
| what are brush cells and where are they found? |
|
Definition
| sensory cells found in the olfactory segment of the narynx as well as in the trachea |
|
|
Term
| what cells and tissues make up the lamina propria of the trachea |
|
Definition
loose CT
basement membrane
mast cells
macrophages
plasma cells
lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| do primary bronchi have c-shaped cartilage? |
|
Definition
yes
replaced by irregular plates of cartilage when they enter the lungs and become secondary bronchi |
|
|
Term
| how can you distinguish between the bronchi and bronchioles? |
|
Definition
bronchi = have cartilage
bronchioles = have thick smooth muscle in place of cartilage and NO subepithelial glands |
|
|
Term
| where are clara cells found and what do they secrete? |
|
Definition
in the bronchioles
secrete lipoprotein to prevent adhesion of the adjacent walls during expiration and Clara cell protein (CC16) = secreted when lung is damaged |
|
|
Term
| which three structures make the pulmonary acini? Describe the progression. |
|
Definition
terminal bronchiole --> repiratory bronchiole --> alveoli
(outside to inside the lung) |
|
|
Term
| what is the smallest functional unit of the pulmonary structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes cystic fibrosis? |
|
Definition
autosomal recessive disorder
genetic defect of Cl- channel protein = decreased Cl- = increased Na+ = increased water reabsorption in the lungs = thicker mucus = bronchioles are abstructed |
|
|
Term
| alveolar duct vs. alveolar sac |
|
Definition
duct = elongated airway with almost no walls
sac = spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli |
|
|
Term
| what are lamellar bodies and where are they found? |
|
Definition
found in type II pneumocytes
contain phospolipids and surfactant |
|
|
Term
| respiratory distess syndrome |
|
Definition
lack of surfactant and the alveoli would collapse on exhalation
seen in premature babies who have not yet developed their respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibodies made to type IV collagen
affect the basal lamina of the alveolar septum
common in males average age 29 |
|
|
Term
alveolar macrophages
what happens when they are "full"? |
|
Definition
in the CT of air spaces
called "dust cells"
scavenge the surface of epithelium and remove inhaled particulates
when full = are swept up in mucus and expelled by coughing |
|
|
Term
| what are the permanent changes in COPD |
|
Definition
| alveoli are permanently dilated and alveolar walls are destroyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed from the peritoneal outpouching; facilitates the descent of the gonads |
|
|
Term
| what does the transversalis fascia add to the spermaticord? |
|
Definition
| internal spermatic fascia |
|
|
Term
| what does the external oblique add to the spermaticord as it passes through the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
| external spermatic fascia |
|
|
Term
| what does the internal oblique become in the spermaticord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the gubernaculum become in the male adult form? |
|
Definition
| ligament that holds the testis in the scrotom |
|
|
Term
| what does the gubernaculum become in the adult female? |
|
Definition
round ligament of the uterus
ligament of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the inguinal ligament in both men and women? |
|
Definition
both = genitalfemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve
men = spermaticord
woman = round ligament |
|
|
Term
| superificial ring is an evagination of which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the conjoint tendon? |
|
Definition
| combined tendons of the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique |
|
|
Term
| where is the deep inguinal ring located? |
|
Definition
the beginning of the inguinal canal;
lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| the deep inguinal ring is and evagination of what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the superficial inguinal ring |
|
Definition
pubic crest
medial and lateral crura = cross to prevent further widening of the ring |
|
|
Term
| boundaries of the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
anterior wall = aponeurosis of the external oblique (plus some internal oblique)
posterior wall = transversalis fascia (reinforced by conjoint tendon)
floor = medial 1/2 of the inguinal ligament
roof = arcs of the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique muscles on their way to form the conjoint tendon |
|
|
Term
| structures found in the spermaticord |
|
Definition
ductus deferens
artery to the ductus deferens
testicular arteries
pampiniform plexus of veins
cremasteric artery and vein
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
sympathetic branch of the genitofemoral nerve
lymphatics
remnants of the processus vaginalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory nerves of the ilioinguinal nerve (L1) are activated --> genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve is stimulated (L1-L2) --> testicals are pulled closer to the body by the cremasteric muscle
you can elicit this reflex by stroking the upper medial thigh |
|
|
Term
| which type of hernia is most commonly seen in males? |
|
Definition
indirect
enters deep inguinal ring and can go all the way through the canal, out the superficial ring and down to the scrotum or labia majorum
congenital (processus vaginalis does not close all the way) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
common location for direct hernias, medial to the inferior epigastric muscles
medial border = rectus abdominis
lateral border = inferior epigastric muscles
inferiorly = inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the genitalia |
|
Definition
sympathetics from T10-11
vagus nerve (sympathetics and visceral nerve) |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between metastases of scrotal and testicular cancer? |
|
Definition
scrotal = to superficial inguinal nodes
testicular = to lumbar nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
veins do not drain in the scrotum
"bag of worms" |
|
|
Term
| which nerve is prone to damage during hernia surgeries? |
|
Definition
ilioinguinal nerve(lose sensation in the thigh and scrotum)
femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| muscles that make up the posterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
quadratus lumborus
psoas major
iliacus |
|
|
Term
| which muscles make up the anterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
transversus abdominis
internal oblique
external obliqe
rectus abdominus |
|
|
Term
| vertebral level of the umbilicus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four transverse planes and their vertebral location |
|
Definition
transpyloric plane (L1)
subcostal plane (L3)
umbilical (L3-4)
supracristal (L4)
transtubicular (L5) |
|
|
Term
| which fascia is famous for liposuction? |
|
Definition
| camper's (superficial to Scarpa's)--cannot suture, very vascularized |
|
|
Term
| in which fascia does the deep, visceral fat of the abdomen reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fascia does Scarpa's fascia turn into when it passes into the anterio part of the perineum? |
|
Definition
| Scarpa's fascia --> Colle's fascia --> tunica Dartos of the scrotum and superifical penile fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remnant of the urachus (urine drainage in the fetus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obliterated fetal umbilical arteries (2-one on each side) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located over the inferior epigastric vessels (2= one each side) |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the parietal peritoneum and the anterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the muscle sheaths arranged above the arcuate line? |
|
Definition
anterior = external oblique and 1/2 internal oblique
posterior = 1/2 internal oblique, transversus abdominis and transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
| how are muscles arranged below the arcuated line? |
|
Definition
anterior = external and internal oblique, transversus abdominis
posterior = transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
| which vessels run between the transversalis facia and the rectus abdominis muscle? |
|
Definition
| inferior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| what forms the inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
| inferior margin of the external oblique |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the posterior wall of the rectus sheath? |
|
Definition
transversus abdominis aponeurosis
transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opening to the lesser sac (omental bursa)
located just posterior to the stomach and portal triad |
|
|
Term
| why is the hepatoduodenal ligament considered surgically important? |
|
Definition
| you have to be careful not to cut it because it contains the portal triad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastric section of the esophagus, stomach, first part of the duodenum, ileum, jejunum?, cecum, transverse colon, liver, spleen, and tail of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidneys, adrenal glands, rectum, abdominal aorta, IVC |
|
|
Term
| secondarily retroperitoneal |
|
Definition
| rest of the duodenum (except the first part), pancreas (except the tail), ascending and descending colon, sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| what are the remnants of the ventral mesentery in the adult? |
|
Definition
faliciform ligament
lesser omentum |
|
|
Term
| what are the remnants of the dorsal mesentery in adults? |
|
Definition
gastrocolic ligament
gastrosplenal ligament
splenorenal ligament
mesentery of the small intestines
sigmoid mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| which mesenteries make up the lesser and greater curvature of the stomach, respectively? |
|
Definition
greater curvature = dorsal mesentery
lesser curvature = ventral mesentery |
|
|
Term
| which arteries supply the foregut, midgut and hindgut? |
|
Definition
foregut = celiac trunk (T12/L1)
midgut = superior mesenteric (L1)
hindgut = inferior mesenteric (L3) |
|
|
Term
| what vertebral level is the rectosigmoid junction found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vertebral levels of the parts of the duodenum |
|
Definition
superior part (L1)
descending part (L1-3)
inferior part (L3)
ascending part (L3-2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common entrance for the bile duct and the pancreatic duct (sphincter of Oddi here) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the accessory pancreatic duct drains into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
suspensory muscle (ligament) of the duodenum
skeletal muscle (no smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
| which structure marks the junction between the foregut and the midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ligaments of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver |
|
Definition
coronary sinus
right and left triangular ligaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ligament that divides the lobes of the liver and attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
derived from ventral mesentery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
obliterated left umbilical vein
continuation of the falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
portal triad:
- bile duct
- hepatic artery proper
- portal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right and left hepatic ducts --> common hepatic duct + cystic bile duct --> bile duct --> ampulla of Vater --> sphincter of Oddi --> major duodenal papilla --> duodenum |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| innervation of the foregut |
|
Definition
T6-9
pain = sympathetics (thoracic splanchnics)
parasympathetics = vagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prominent folds int he jejunum and ileum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jejunum = larger diameter, thicker walls, more numerous folds, less prominent arterial archades and longer vasa recta
ileum = thinner walls, fewer and less prominent folds, more arterial arcades, shorter vasa recta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found only in the ileum
antimesenteric (?) |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply of the cecum and appendix |
|
Definition
anterior and posterior cecal artery (sup. mes)
appendicular artery (sup. mes) |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply of the ascending colon |
|
Definition
right colic artery (superior mes)
middle colic artery (sup. mes)
left colic artery (inf. mes) |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply of the descending colon |
|
Definition
| left colic artery (inf mes) |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply to the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| sigmoidal artery (inf mes) |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply to the rectum and anal canal |
|
Definition
| superior, middle and inferior rectal arteries (inf. mes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an artery that connects the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries; gets bigger during atherosclerosis when one of them gets blocked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congenital megacolon; does not work properly because there is a failure of neural crest cells into the distal colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remnant of the processa vaginalis that is located in the anterolateral part of the testes |
|
|
Term
| four portal-caval anastomoses |
|
Definition
paraumbilical
esophageal veins
veins of the anal canal
retroperitoneal veins with the abdominal wall (minor) |
|
|
Term
| venous drainage of the rectum |
|
Definition
superior rectum = drains to the inf. mes
middle and inferior rectum = drains to internal iliac arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psoas major
iliacus (hip flexor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects the crura of the diaphragm
passes anterior to the aorta and makes the aortic hiatus |
|
|
Term
| location of the domes of the diaphragm |
|
Definition
left dome = fifth intercostal space
right dome = rib 5 |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply to the diaphragm |
|
Definition
superiorly (thoracic supply)
- pericardiophrenic arteries (internal thoracic)
- musculophrenic arteries (int. thor.)
- superior phrenic artery (thoracic aorta)
inferiorly (abdominal supply):
inferior phrenic arteries (abdominal aorta) |
|
|
Term
| vertebral level where the renal arteries come off the abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
between L1 and L2
Just below the TTP |
|
|
Term
| the right renal artery passes posterior to which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of the ureter in both males and females |
|
Definition
| ureter runs under the vas deferens in males and under the uterine artery |
|
|
Term
| arteries that supply the ureters |
|
Definition
upper = renal arteries
middle = abdominal aorta, testicular and ovarian arteries, common iliac arteries
in pelvic cavity = internal iliac branches |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the kidneys |
|
Definition
least and lesser splanchnics
T10-L1 (visceral afferents) |
|
|
Term
| referred pain when passing a kidney stone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arterial supply of the adrenal glands |
|
Definition
superior adrenal arteries (from inferior phrenic arteries)
midle suprarenal artery (from aorta)
inferior suprarenal artery (from renal) |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the adrenal medulla and cortex |
|
Definition
medulla = sympathetics from greater splanchnic (NO PARASYMPATHETICS)
cortex = no innervation |
|
|
Term
| bifurcation of the abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paired branches of the abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
middle suprarenal arteries
renal arteries
testicular or ovarian arteries |
|
|
Term
| posterior branches of the aorta |
|
Definition
lumbar --> posterior abdominal wall and spinal cord
median sacral --> anterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx |
|
|
Term
| where do the inferior phrenic arteries arise from the aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abdominal Aortic Aneurism
great redicular artery comes off the aorta (at T12-L1), during repair of the AAA, it can be damaged and can cause spinal cord ingury (in lumbar area) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| veins that drain into the IVC |
|
Definition
common iliacs
renal veins
lumbar veins
inferior phrenic veins
hepatic veins
hemiazygous
accessory hemiazygous
azygous |
|
|
Term
| where does the portal vein form? |
|
Definition
| at the level of the transpyloic plane (L1) |
|
|
Term
| location of the inferior mesenteric arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerves that come off the lumbosacral plexus |
|
Definition
obturator (L2-4)
femoral (L2-4)
genitofemoral (L1-2)
lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-3)
ilioinguininal (L1)
iliohypogastric (L1) |
|
|
Term
| what are the four distinct layers of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
mucosa
submucosa
muscluaris externa
adventitia or serosa |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue makes up the lamina propria of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
loose CT
blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves
lymphoid tissue
glands |
|
|
Term
| which organs are outgrowths of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three layers of the mucosa |
|
Definition
epithlium with basement membrane
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| arrangement of the layers of the GI muscularis mucosa |
|
Definition
inner circular
outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| tissue that composes the submucosa |
|
Definition
dense irregular CT
blood vessels
lymphatics
Meissner's plexus |
|
|
Term
| from where is the epithelium of the mucosa derived |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from where is Meissner's plexus derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of Meissner's plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of Auerbach's plexus |
|
Definition
| in between the smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa |
|
|
Term
| from where is Auerbach's plexus derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between serosa and adventia |
|
Definition
both outermost layer of GI tubes
serosa = makes up the visceral peritoneum in intraperitoneal organs and continuous with the mesentery
adventia = surrounds retroperitoneal organs and attaches them to the abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of gastric epithelial cells |
|
Definition
surface cells
undiffernetiated cells
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
cheif cells |
|
|
Term
| what do oxyntic cells secrete? what else do they do? |
|
Definition
intrinsic factor (vitamin B12 absorption)
**elaborate HCl secretion |
|
|
Term
| are parietal cells acidophilic or basophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are zymogenic cells acidophilic or basophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does vitamin B12 deficiency present as in early and later stages? |
|
Definition
CNS degeneration
presents as diabetic neuropathy and then MS |
|
|
Term
| which layer of the stomach makes the pyloic sphincter? |
|
Definition
| middle circular layer of the muscularis externa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in the small intestine
called valves of kerkring
has a core of submucosa |
|
|
Term
| villi of the small intestine |
|
Definition
core of lamina propria
has central lymphatic vessel or lacteal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intestinal glands within the lamina propria of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in the base of the crypts of leiberkuhn
contain eosinophilic granules with antibacterial enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial cells with microvilli
found in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete CCK (inhibits gastric emptying)
secrete GIP (decrease acid in the stomach
secrete secretin (pancreatic secreation and inhibits gastric acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modified enterocytes that cover lymph nodules in the lamina propria of the small intestine
present antigens to lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in the submucosa of the duodenum
secrete alkaline secretion to buffer acidic chyme (optimize pH for pancreatic enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| what tissue makes up the external anal sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what intervates the external anal sphincter |
|
Definition
inferior anal (rectal) nerve
- branch from the pudendal nerve (S2-4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fundis = short pits, deep glands
pyloris = deep pits, short glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects the efficiency of the parietal cells to secrete interic factor = causes B12 deficiency = can cause pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| blood proteins synthesized by the liver |
|
Definition
albumin
fibrinogen
lipoprotein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zone of the liver closest to the central vein
furthest away from the portal triad
first to show ischemic necrosis
last to respond to toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carry the bile in the opposite direction as the blood
have no walls
tight junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bile acids
phopholipids
cholesterol
bilirubin
water |
|
|
Term
| cell type of bile ductules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses |
|
Definition
deep invaginations of the gallbladder
indicate pathologic changes |
|
|
Term
| secretions of the pancreatic acini |
|
Definition
proteases
lipases
nucleases |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates pancreatic acini |
|
Definition
CCK (from enteroendocrine cells)
parasympathetic (vagus) stimulation |
|
|
Term
| cells of intercalated ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spleen
lymphoid nodules
B-cells (provides immune surveillance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acts as filters and degrades old red blood cells--traps them and recycle hemoglobin
t-cells |
|
|
Term
| within which structure does the gallbladder form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cortical tissue found between the medullary pyramids of the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ducts formed when several collecting ducts come together
also called papillary ducts |
|
|
Term
| most important layer of the filtration barrier. other barriers? |
|
Definition
basement membrane = most important
endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries (with fenestrated capillaries)
podocyte (filtration slits and diaphragms) |
|
|
Term
| layers of the glomerular basement membrane |
|
Definition
2 lamina rarea (anionic heparine sulfate) = charge barrier
lamina densa (in between lamina rarea layers) = collagen type IV (physical barrier) --> protein 69kDa (size of albumin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesizes extracellular matrix
support the capillaries of the glomerlus
phagocytotic = keep the filtration barrier CLEAN
may be contractile |
|
|
Term
| primary cause of renal disease |
|
Definition
glomerular injury
- immune (antibodies)
- non-immune (hypertension) |
|
|
Term
| function of the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
absorption
85% sodium
100% glucose, amino acids and small proteins |
|
|
Term
| function of the distal convoluted tubule |
|
Definition
absorb soduium
secrete = potassium, hydogren and ammonium ions (adjust pH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
systhesize and release reninin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| macula densa of the kidney |
|
Definition
modified portion of the distal convoluted tubule
columnar cells with tightly packed nuclei
monitors NaCl concentration in the tubular fluid
regulates glomerular filtration rate (GFR)--> release reninin from JG cells |
|
|
Term
| where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
angiotensi converting enzyme
increases BP |
|
|
Term
| structures that go through greater sciatic foramen |
|
Definition
piriformis
sciatic nerve
superior and inferior gluteal nerves
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| structures that pass through the lesser sciatic foramen |
|
Definition
tendon of the obturator internus
pudendal nerve
internal pudenal artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| which structures pass through the greater and the lesser sciatic foramen |
|
Definition
pudendal nerve
internal pudendal artery and vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin = internal surface of the rim of the obturator foramen
insertion = greater trochanter
innervation = nerve to obturator interus (L5-S1)
aciton = laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexed hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin = sacrum
insertion = greater trochanter
innervation = nerve to the piriformis (S1-S2)
action = laterally rotates extended hip and abducts flexed hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin = ischial spine
insertion = coccyx and border of sacrum
innervation = anterior rami of S3-4
action = pooping muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin = pubic bone, ischial spine
insertion = superior surface of the perineal body
innervation = S4 and inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve (S2-4)
Action = supports pelvic floor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes up the floor of the pelvic cavity
levator ani and coccygeus composes it |
|
|
Term
| muscles near the openings of perineal membrane in females |
|
Definition
deep transverse perineal muscle
sphincter urethrovaginalis
compressor urethrae
external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| muscles near the opening of the perineal membrane in males |
|
Definition
external urethral sphincter
deep transversalis perineal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
line in the anal canal
where the endoderm and ectoderm meet
where visceral and somatic sensory afferents meet |
|
|
Term
| arterial supply to the anal canal |
|
Definition
superior rectal (inferior mesenteric)
middle rectal (internal iliac)
inferior rectal artery (internal pudendal from internal iliac) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic innervation of the bladder |
|
Definition
| from inferior thoracic and upper lumbar levels |
|
|
Term
| pain afferents for bladder |
|
Definition
superior part of the bladder = travels with sympathetics (T11-L3)
inferior part of bladder = travels with parasympathetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line dividing superior and inferior part of the bladder (pain travels with sympathetics and then parasympathetics in inferior part) |
|
|
Term
| parts of the male urethra |
|
Definition
preprostetic urethra
prostetic urethra (ejaculatory duct)
membranous urethra (bulborethral glands)
spongy urethra (in corpus spongiosum of penis) |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the testes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to which lymph nodes do the testes drain? |
|
Definition
| lumbar nodes (lateral and preaortic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testicular artery (L2) = just inferior to the renal arteries |
|
|
Term
| which veins drain the testes |
|
Definition
left testicular vein --> left renal
right testicular vein --> IVC |
|
|
Term
| the seminal vesicles develop from an outgrowth of which structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
on the fibrous capsule of the prostate
innervate = erectile tissue of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the elevated portion of the urethral crest where the two ejaculatory ducts and the prostatic utricle open in the prostetic urethra |
|
|
Term
| which part of the prostate is affected by BPH |
|
Definition
| transitional zone and then periurethral zone |
|
|
Term
| three parts of the broad ligament |
|
Definition
1. mesometrium (mesentery for uterus)
2. mesosalpinx (in between the mesovarium and uterine tubes)
3. mesovarium (suspends the ovaries) |
|
|
Term
| uterine tube blood vessels |
|
Definition
ovarian vessels
uterine vessels
vaginal artery
internal pudendal artery |
|
|
Term
| lymph drainage to the ovaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph drainage to middle and upper vagina, cervix and body of uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph drainage to the superolateral uterus |
|
Definition
| superficial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| lymph drainage of the osteum of the vagina |
|
Definition
| superficial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S2-4
supplies entire perineum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sympathetic
pregangliionic (L1-2)
postganglionic (sacral sympathetic trunks) |
|
|
Term
| which major arteries supply the pelvis and perineum? |
|
Definition
internal iliac artery
-posterior division
-anterior division |
|
|
Term
what contains the ovarian vessels
from where do they come |
|
Definition
suspensory ligament of the ovary contains the ovarian vessels
right ovarian vein --> IVC
left ovarian vein --> left renal vein
right and left ovarian arteries <-- abdominal aorta (L2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in the perineum
membranous layer of superficial fascia
continuous with Scarpa's facia
continues to become Dartos fascia of the scrtoum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 crura of the corpora cavernosa --> 2 corpora cavernosae in the penis
corpus spongiosum
bulb of the penis |
|
|
Term
| erectile tissue of the female |
|
Definition
crus of the clitoris
bulb of the vestibule
glands clitoris
greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands) |
|
|
Term
| vessels and nerves of the superficial perineal space |
|
Definition
internal pudendal vessels
pudendal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| investing fascia associated with erectile tissue (superficial transverse perineal muscles) |
|
|
Term
| muscles associated with erectile tissue |
|
Definition
superficial trnasverse perineal muscle
ischiocavernosus muscles
bulbospongiosus muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds the 2 corpora cavernosa in the penis |
|
|
Term
erection is what type of reflex?
innervation? |
|
Definition
sacrospinal reflex
afferent: perineal nerve <-- pudendal nerve (S2-4)
efferent: parasympathetic travel int he pelvic splanchnics |
|
|
Term
| nerves involved in ejaculation |
|
Definition
sympathetic (L1)
- cause peristalsis to move semen to prostatic urethra
parasympathetics (S2-4)
- contraction of the urethral smooth muscle
somatic reflex (pudendal nerve S2-4)
- contraction of bulbospongiosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layer of smooth muscle that covers the scrotum (fat free)
maintains temperature of the testes |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the scrotum |
|
Definition
anterior scrotal nerve <-- ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerve
posterior scrotal nerve <-- pudendal |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the labia majora |
|
Definition
anterior labial nerves <-- ilioinguinal nerve
posterior labial nerves <-- superficial perineal nerve |
|
|
Term
| innervation of the urethral sphincter |
|
Definition
| deep perineal nerve <-- pudendal nerve (S2-4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surrounds the semiferous epithelium
contains 3-5 layers of myoid (peritubular cells) |
|
|
Term
| phases of the spermatid phase |
|
Definition
transformation to become sperm
1. golgi phase (acrosomal vesicle forms near head)
2. cap phase (formation of the war head)
3. acrosomal phase (sperm reorient themselves to embed themselves into the sertoli cell) |
|
|
Term
| how do steriods affect the testes |
|
Definition
| blocks LH production in the pituitary --> testes shrivel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make testosterone
under the influence of LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helper cells
secrete = Androgen-binding protein and inhibin
postmitotic
columnar cells
exceedingly tight juctions
form blood-testis barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
androgen-binding protein
secreted by sertoli cells
converts estrogen to testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concretions in the prostate that form over time (calify) |
|
|
Term
| secretions of the prostate |
|
Definition
citric acid
fibrinolysin
serine protease (PSA) |
|
|
Term
| arteries that supply the penis |
|
Definition
| helicine arteries <-- deep artery of penis <--internal pudendal artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| venous route where prostate cancer metastasizes to the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce androgens under the influence of LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
convert anderogens to estrogen
under the influence of FSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
day 13 of cycle
causes oocyte to resume first meiotic division --> ovulation occurs 12-24 hours later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region around the graafian follicle that becomes ischemic right before the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary |
|
|
Term
| function of the corpus luteum |
|
Definition
| secretes estrogen and progesterone that prepare and maintain the development of the endometrial line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a follicle that is degenerated by programmed cell death |
|
|
Term
| phases of the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
proliferative phase (estrogen)
- follicular phase
secretory phase (progesterone)
- luteal phase
menstrual phase (decrease in both)
- corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| vagina is influenced by which hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hormone rises under the influence of LH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which uterine phase begins shortly after the hormonal surge on day 13 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peptide (small)
steriods
- secreted by the gonad and adrenal cortex
amino acid anaologues and derived
- catecholamines
- secreted by some neurons and the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| hormones released by the adenohypophysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three cell types in adenohypophysis |
|
Definition
acidophils (40%)
- somatotropes = GH
- lactotropes = prolactin
basophils (10%)
- gonadotropes = FSH, LH
- coticotropes = ACTH
- thyrotropes = TSH
chromophobes (50%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fenestrated capillaries
no blood=brain barrier
located at the top of the pituitary gland near the infundibulum and stalk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
somatostatin
dopamine
TRH
GHRH
CRH
GnRH |
|
|
Term
| from where is the neruohypophysis derived |
|
Definition
| neuroectoderm of the developing diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxytocin
ADH
**only stored here |
|
|
Term
| from where is the adenohypophysis derived |
|
Definition
| Rathke's pouch, an evagination of the developing oral cavity ectoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calfied concretions in the pineal body |
|
|
Term
| what does the pineal gland secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zones of the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
zona glomerulosa (inner)
- secrete mineralcorticoids = aldosterone (middle)
zona fasciculata
- secrete glucocorticoids
zone reticularis (outer)
- secrete gonadocorticoids = DHEA |
|
|
Term
| cells and secretions of 3 pancreas cells |
|
Definition
beta cells (70%) = insulin
alpha cells (15-20%) = glucagon
delta cells (5-10%) = somatostatin |
|
|
