Term
| Subdivisions of the Skull |
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Definition
Neurocranium - bones that form the cranial vault
Viscerocranium - bones that make the face |
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Term
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Definition
| Nasal Cavity, Cranial Cavity, Oral Cavity, Orbital Cavities, Middle Ear Cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal sinus, Sphenoid Sinus, Ethmoid Sinus, Maxillary Sinus |
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Term
| Articulations Found in the Skull |
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Definition
Fibrous - Sutures between plates
Synovial (hinge) - Temperomandibular Joint |
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Term
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Definition
Coronal - Frontal and Parietals
Lambdoid - Parietals and Occipital
Sagittal - Divides Parietals |
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Term
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Definition
| Articularion between the Mandibular Fossa of the Temporal Bone and the Condylar Process of the Mandible. Two sides work in unison to move the mandible up and down, hinge joint |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior Cranial Fossa - Most anterior section of the cranial vault, contains the cribiform plate
Middle Cranial Fossa - Middle step down of the cranial vault, contains the sella turcica
Posterior Cranial Fossa - The most posterior section of the cranial vault, contains the foramen magnum |
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Term
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Definition
| Meeting of the Coronal and Sagittal Sutures |
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Term
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Definition
| Meeting of the Sagittal and Lambdoid Sutures |
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Term
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Definition
| Line between the sphenoid and the parietal bone, leads from the frontal bone to the temporal bone |
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Term
| Subdivisions of the Brain |
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Definition
| Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the Midbrain |
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Definition
| visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement |
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Term
| Function of the Cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
| Branches off of the Common Carotid Artery |
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Definition
Internal Carotid Artery - Posterior, enters the cranial vault directly
External Carotid Artery - Anterior, Branches to the face and the meninges |
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Term
| Proximal Branches off of the External Carotid Artery |
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Definition
Superior Thyroid - In the neck, supplies thyroid, larynx and neck
Lingual Artery - Just superior to the superior thyroid, supplies the tongue
Facial Artery - Comes off superior to the lingual artery, supplies the face
Occipital Artery - Comes off at nearly the same level as facial but runs posteriorly, supplies the posteror scalp and neck |
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Term
| Terminal Branches off of the External Carotid Artery |
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Definition
Maxillary Artery - runs laterally across the face, supplies the teeth, rums, nasal cavity and muscles of mastication-->Gives rise to the Middle Meningeal Artery which supplie blood to the dura mater
Superficial Temporal Artery - Runs superficially and superiorly, supplies the scalp |
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Term
| Components of the Arterial Cerebral Circle |
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Definition
| Vertebral Areteries and Spinal Arteries--> Basaliar Artery-->Posterior Cerebral Arteries-->Posterior Communicating Arteries-->Internal Carotid-->Middle Cerebral Arteries and Anterior Cerebral Arteries-->Anterior Communicating Artery |
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Term
| Functions of the Cranial Meninges |
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Definition
| Protection, hold CSF, *contain venous sinus system for venous return of blood* |
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Term
| Layers of the Cranial Meninges |
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Definition
Pia Mater - most intimate with the brain
Arachnoid Mater - 2nd layer, has arachnoid granulations into the sinuses
Dura Mater divided into two layers
Periostial Layer - Attached to the skull
Meningeal Layer - Has dural infoldings that allow for venous sinuses to travel through, also functions in thedivision of some parts of the brain |
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Term
| Sinuses of the Falx Cerebri |
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Definition
| Superior Sagittal Sinus, Inferior Sagittal Sinus, and Straight Sinus |
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Term
| Sinuses of the Tentorium Cerebelli |
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Definition
| Transverse Sinuses and Sigmoid Sinuses |
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Term
| Venous Return of blood from the Brain (beginning in superior sagittal) |
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Definition
| Superior Sagittal and Inferior Sagittal-->Inferior becomes the Straight Sinus and meets the Superior Sagittal at the Confluence of Sinuses--> Transverse Sinuses-->Sigmoid Sinuses-->Internal Jugular Vein |
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Term
| Venous Return of Blood from the Brain (beginning in the cavernous sinuses |
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Definition
Cavernous Sinuses-->Superior Petrosal Sinus-->transverse sinus-->sigmoid sinus-->internal jugular vein
or
Cavernous Sinus-->Inferior Petrosal Sinus-->Internal Jugular Vein |
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Term
| Dural Sinuses versus Veins of the Face |
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Definition
| The walls of dural sinuses are not made of the usual venous tissue but of dural tissue, dural sinuse blood does not meet the venous blood of the face while in the cranium |
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Term
| Possible routes for arterial blood in the brain |
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Definition
Oxygen supply to the tissue of the brain
Production of Cerbrospinal Fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified capillary structures located within the ventricles of the brain, produce cerebrospinal fluid. Process is energy dependent and selctive |
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Term
| Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Definition
| Produced in the ventricles by the choroid plexus, constant production pressurizes the entire system. CSF has no Red Blood Cells, few White Blood Cells and a little protein |
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Term
| Path of Cerebrospinal Fluid |
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Definition
| Lateral Ventricles--> Interventricular Foramn--> 3rd Ventricle--> Aqueduct of the Midbrain--> 4th Ventricle--> Apertures in the roof of the 4th ventricle--> Cisterna Magna--> Subarachnoid Space--> Arachnoid Granules--> Venous Sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| "Wateron the brain" Caused by obstruction in the ventricular system, most often in small spaces such as the interventricular foramen, aqueduct of the midbrain, and apertures in the roof of the 4th ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Opthalmic Nerve, functions in the special sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| Optic Nerve, functions in the special sense of sight |
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Term
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Definition
| Oculomotor Nerve, innervates most muscles of the eye, proprioception of the eye, and autonomically constricts the iris |
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Term
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Definition
| Trochlear Nerve, Rotates the eye |
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Term
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Definition
Trigeminal Nerve, has 3 branches
Opthalmic Nerve - Sensory of upper face
Maxillary Nerve - Sensation of mid-face
Mandibular Nerve - motor to Abterior 2/3 of tongue, motor to muscles of mastication, sensation of lower teeth, cheeks, and sides of head |
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Term
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Definition
| Abducent Nerve, innervates the lateral muscles of the eye, abducts the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial Nerve, special sense of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor innervation to the muscles of expression, Face and scalp sensory, Autonomic function of various glands (submandibular, lacrimal, nasal, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Special Sense of hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Motor to muscles of swallowing, sensory and taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Vagus Nerve, has sensory, motor, special sense, and autonomic function, very long travels into the trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal Accessory Nerve, Motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoglossal Nerve, Involved in movement of the tongue |
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Term
| Differences between cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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Definition
| Cranial nerves can have a third function; special sense. Special sense refers to anysensory information realted to smell, sight, taste, or hearing. Cfranial Nerves also have no Sympathetic functions, only parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of the Frontalis muscle, epicranial aponeurosis, and the Occipitalis Muscle, elevates eyebrows |
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Term
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Definition
| Smilin Muscle, connects from the corners of the mouth to the zygomatic bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Superficial Fascia of the face and scalp |
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Definition
| Very loose as compared to the rest of the body, no deep fascia |
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Term
| Layers of the Scalp (SCALP) |
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Definition
| Skin, Connective Tissue (superficial Fascia, Epicranial Aponerosa, Loose layer (Loose CT), Periosteum |
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Term
| General Sensory Function of the Facial Cranial Nerve VII |
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Definition
| Posterior Ear and Soft palate |
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Term
| Motor Function of the Facial Cranial Nerve VII |
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Definition
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Term
| Special Sense of the Facial Cranial Nerve VII |
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Definition
| Taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
A:Pteygomandibular Raphe
B: angle of mouth
Action - keeps food between teeth |
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Term
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Definition
A: anterior point of the mandible
B: skin of chin
Action - raises the skin of the chin |
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Term
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Definition
A: Pectoralis Major and Deltoid
B: lower border of the mandible
Action - relieve pressure around the neck, forced expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Gliding/ Hinge joint between the Temporal bone and the Mandible; main joint of mastication |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral Side of jaw, closes and protracts the mandible |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies on the temple, closes and retracts the mandible |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior Pterygoid, between the lateral pterygoid plate and the mandible, opens and protracts the jaw |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferior Pterygoid, between the lateral pterygoid plate and the mandible, closes and protracts the mandible |
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Term
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Definition
General Sensation to cornea, globe of the eye, forehead, nose and the meninges
Branch: Supraorbital Branch--> Supreaorbital Foramen-->orbit-->superior orbital fissure |
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Term
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Definition
General sensory to cheeks, lateral nose, nasopharynx, upper arcade of teeth and gums, and meninges
Branch: Infraorbital Branch-->Infraorbital foramen-->orbit-->foramen rotundum-->trigeminal ganglion-->brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
Motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. Sensory to mucus membranes of the mouth, lower arcade of teeth and gums, skin of the mandible, temperomandibular joint, ear drum, and meninges
Branches: Lingual - Sensory to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Inferior Alveolar Nerve--> mental foramen --> mental nerve
*Only motor control of Trigeminal CN V* |
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Term
| Relations between CN V and CN VII |
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Definition
| Branches that control general sensory and special sense taste information run together until the chorda tympani splits off to rejoin the rest of CN VII |
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Term
| Posterior Triangle of the Neck |
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Definition
Boundaries - Trapezius to Sternocleidomastoid
Important Contents - Scaleneus Muscles, Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve XI, Cervical Plexus, Brachial Plexus, Phrenic Nerve |
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Term
| Anterior triangle of the Neck |
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Definition
Boundaries - Sternocleidomastoid to midline
Important Contents - Thyroid gland, Carotid Arteries, Jugular Veins, Vagus Cranial Nerve X, Sympathetic trunk, Hyoid Muscles |
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Term
| Sternocleidomastoid Muscle |
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Definition
| Attach to the sternum and clavicle and the mastoid process, innervated by Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve XI, flex cervical spine, draw head to shoulder, rotate head |
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Term
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Definition
| Floor of posterior triangle of the neck, innervated by cervical spinal nerves, stabilize head, aid in respiration, lateral neck flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase pressure placed o nthe brachial plexus between the anterior and middle scalene muscles |
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Term
| Neurovascular bundle in the Neck |
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Definition
Neurovascular bundle - bundle of similarly travelling vessels and nerves
Internal Jugular Vein, Internal and External Carotid Arteries, Vagus Cranial Nerve X |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles of the anterior triangle of the neck, used in swallowing and speaking. Attach to the Mandible, skull, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and the sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| Sternum to hyoid bone, inn: cervical plexus, depresses the hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior border of the scapula to hyoid bone, inn: cervical plexus, depresses and retracts the hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Sternum to Thyroid Cartilage, inn: cervical plexus, depresses the thyroid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone, inn: cervical plexus, depresses the hyoid bone or elevates the thyroid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Styloid process to the hyloid bone, inn: facial cranial nerve VII, raise and retract hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Mandible to hyoid bone, inn: Mandibular Nerve V3, Raises tongue |
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Term
| Anterior Belly of the Digastricus Muscle |
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Definition
| Mandible to hyoid bone/ tendon, inn: mandibular nerve V3, Opens Mouth |
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Term
| Posterior Belly of the Digastricus Muscle |
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Definition
| Hyoid bone/ tendon to mastoid process, onn: facial cranial nerve VII, raises the hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Genial Tubercles to the hyoid bone, inn: cervical spinal nerves, elevates the hyoid bone and the base of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucus membrane covered area behind the nasal cavity and oral cavity and superior to the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| Base of skull to soft palate |
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Term
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Definition
| soft palate to epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
| Epiglottis to inferior larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior, Middle, and Inferior Constrictors, inn: by Vagus Cranial Nerve X |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor innervation and general sensory to the pharynx, Cranial Nerves IX and X |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune tissue in the pharynx, pharyngeal tonsils located superior and posterior to the nasal cavity. Palatine Tonsils located between the arches at the back of the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
Palatoglossal Arch - mucus membrane over the Palatoglosseus Muscle
Palatopharyngeal Arch - Mucus Membrane over the Palatopharyngeus Muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of independent muscle contractions, that, when put together, result in a fluid motion, ie swallowing |
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Term
| Problems Associated with Swallowing |
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Definition
| Must close off the nasopharynx and must close of the trachea |
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Term
| Closing of the nasopharynx |
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Definition
| Tensor Palati and Levator Palati muscles pull the soft palate up and allow it to seal off the nasopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| Suprahyoids pull the trachea up and forward, closing it off with the epiglottis |
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Term
| Opening the Auditory Tube |
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Definition
| During, the Levator Palati pulls the soft palate up, this muscle is also attached to the wall near the auditory tube opening. this action therefore opens the tube |
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Term
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Definition
| Oral Cavity to oropharynx, oropharynx to laryngopharynx, laryngopharynx to esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
Protective sphincter of the trachea,
Increase intraabdominal pressure (Valsala maneuver |
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Term
| Cartilages and bone of the Larynx |
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Definition
Epiglottic Cartilage - Makes up the epiglottis
Hyoid Bone - most superior "ring"
Thyroid Cartilage - shiled-like large cartilage, adam's apple
cricoid cartilage - directly below the thyroid cartilage, most inferior "ring"
Arytenoid Cartilage - cartilage withing the larynx that attaches to the vocal cords |
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Term
| Articulations of the Larynx |
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Definition
Cricoid Cartilage/ Artytenoid Cartilage - Arytenoid Cartilages pivot on top of the cricoid cartilage to control the size of the rima glotiddis
Thyroid Cartilage/ Cricoid Cartilage - Thyroid cartilage can pivot forward on the cricoid cartilage to control the quality of sounds produced |
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Term
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Definition
| Cricoid Cartilage to thyroid cartilage, inn: external laryngeal nerve, pulls thyroid cartilage down to tense the vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles between the two Arytenoid Cartilages, inn: recurrent laryngeal nerve, close rima glottidis |
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Term
| Thyroarytenoideus (superior) and Vocalus (inferior) |
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Definition
| Thyroid Cartilage to Arytenoid Cartilage, inn: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve, relax vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| Cricoid Cartilage to Arytenoid Cartilage (more lateral), inn: recurrent laryngeal nerve, adduct adduct vocal cords |
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Term
| Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle |
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Definition
| Cricoid Cartilage to Artenoid Catilage (more posterior), inn: recurrent laryngeal nerve, abduct vocal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening between the vocal cords, the size of the structure controls the sound produced |
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Term
| Abduction and Adduction of the Vocal Cords |
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Definition
| Laryngeal muscles (posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid) pivot the aretynoid cartilage on the cricoid cartilage, changing the size of the opening |
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Term
| Nerve Supply to the Larynx |
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Definition
Superior Laryngeal Nerve - Cricothyroid Muscles
All other laryngeal muscles - Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
Sensory to the larynx - inferior laryngeal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Vocal Folds - most inferior folds, true vocal cords
Vestibular Folds - middle folds of the larynx, false vocal cords
Aryepiglottic folds - Most superior folds of the larynx
Ventricle of the Larynx - between the vestibular folds and the vocal folds |
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Term
| Membranes and ligaments of the Larynx |
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Definition
Thyrohyoid Ligament - membrane between the hyoid and thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid Ligament - ligament linking the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal Ligament - links the cricoid cartilage to the 1st tracheal ring
Quadrangular Membrane - Membrane between the Artepiglottic ligament and vestibular ligament
Cricovocal Membrane - Vocal ligaments to the cricoid cartilage to form the vocal fold |
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Term
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Definition
| Air from lungs, Phonation (creation of raw sound in the larynx, Resonance in the pharynx, Articulation (teeth, tongue, lips, and mouth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous Layer, Vascular Layer, internal |
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Term
| Parts of the Fibrous Layer of the Eye |
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Definition
Posterior 5/6 - Sclera white
anterior 1/6 - cornea |
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Term
| Parts of the Vascular Layer of the Eye |
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Definition
Posterior - Choroid
Anterior - Ciliary Body
Most Anterior - Iris |
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Term
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Definition
| Cilliary muscles contract--> suspensory ligaments of the lens loosen--> lens becomes fatter--> see closer |
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Term
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Definition
| Protective layer over the front of the eye |
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Term
| Nerve Supply to the Extraoccular muscles |
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Definition
| Most muscles controlled by Occulomotor Cranial Nerve III, Trochlear Cranial Nerve IV controls the superior oblique, which rotates the eye in and down, and Abducent Cranial Nerve VI controls the lateral muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces tears to keep the cornea moist and debris off of the eye, sensory from the Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Cranial Nerve V and parasympathetic from Facial Cranial Nerve VII |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Cerebrum |
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Definition
| Sulci and Gyri, hemispherical dominance, crossover. and arragned somatotopically |
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Term
| Functions of the Cerebrum |
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Definition
receiveing, processing, storing, and generating information
perception - recognizing and interpreting sensory information
cognition, motor activities, emotion, personality, memory, and language |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper motor neurons, primary motor cortex, voluntary movement, somatotopically organized, personality, judgement, planning |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary sensory cortex, somatic afferent informationsomatotopically organized |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning and memory, hearing, and recognition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mainly external but some located deep, controls movement and movement refinement |
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Term
| White Matter of the Cerebrum |
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Definition
Association Fibers - connect the lobes of same hemisphere
Comissural Fibers - Connect hemispheres, corpus callosum
Projection fibers - Connect cerebrum with the brain stem and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Different areas of the brain specialize in certain functions |
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