Term
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Definition
| a greek word that means "to dissect". it is the study of parts of organisms and their relationship to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| function of body parts and how it works |
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Term
| what are the levels of structural organization? |
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Definition
| chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, & organismic |
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Term
| what is the lowest level of structural organization? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the chemical level |
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Definition
| contains all of the chemical substances needed to maintain human life. the chemicals are put together for form cellular level. |
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Term
| describe the cellular level and provide examples. |
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Definition
basic structural and functional units of life.
examples: red blood cells, muscle cell, and skin and nerve cell |
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Term
| describe the tissue level & what are the 4 tissue types? |
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Definition
| made up of SIMILAR SPECIALIZED CELLS and their intercellular substance [IC] that perform a common function. four tissue types are: epithelium, CT (bone&blood), nervous, & muscle |
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Term
| describe the organ level and name some examples |
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Definition
| composed of TWO OR MORE different tissues. they have definite form and function. ex: stomach (churns up food [muscle tissue], release enzymes/digest food (epithelium) & protection [ct] |
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Term
| describe the system level. examples? |
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Definition
| the association of organs that have a common function. it describes the system. ex: skeletal system and the nervous;gastro-intestinal system. |
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Term
| describe the organismic level. |
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Definition
| HIGHEST LEVEL. all parts of the body are functioning together. |
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Term
| illustrate the anatomical characteristics of a body |
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Definition
| **tube within a tube drawing |
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Term
| what kind of support column do humans have? |
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Definition
| a bony support column [vertebral column] |
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Term
| what is anatomical position? |
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Definition
| facing foward, front view. standing straight up/erect hands on the side. facing the observer with palms up and forward [supination]. |
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Term
| humans also possess a bilateral symmetry. what is bilateral symmetry? |
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Definition
| right & left sides are mirror images of each other |
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Term
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Definition
| same side. if you train the right leg, the left leg would also gain some strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite/against. if the right side of the brain is damaged, then the left side is affected. |
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Term
| PLANES/SECTIONS: what is a plane? |
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Definition
| it is an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body. |
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Term
| sagittal plane & midsagittal |
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Definition
divides the body into right and left sides.
midsagittal divides the body smack dab down the middle. |
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Term
| frontal and coronal plane |
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Definition
| divides into anterior and posterior, down the middle of the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| divides into superior and inferior regions, similar to a cross-section |
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Term
| what are the two types of body cavities? |
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Definition
| anterior [ventrical] and posterior[dorsal] |
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Term
| what cavities make up the anterior cavity? |
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Definition
| thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, orbital, nasal, and buccal. |
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Term
| define the thoracic cavity |
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Definition
| example: the chest. it has boundaries that are bounded by bony structures. |
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Term
| superior boundary (superior thoracic aperture) |
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Definition
| bounded ANTERIORLY by a menubrium of the sternum. |
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Term
| what are the 3 basic parts of the sternum? |
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Definition
| menubrium [forms the anterior boundary], body, and zyphoid process. |
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Term
| what bony structures form the superior boundary? |
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Definition
| posterior, anterior, and lateral |
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Term
| posterior of the superior boundary |
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Definition
| T1 [first thoracic vertebrae] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first rib which attaches to the T1 and the menubrium on the lateral side. |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior thoracic aperture |
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Term
| what are the bony structures in the inferior boundary? |
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Definition
| posterior, anterior, and lateral |
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Term
| posterior of the inferior boundary |
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Definition
| T12 [last thoracic vertebrae] |
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Term
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Definition
| 7th-11th costal cartileges [costal means ribs] |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 ribs because attached to T12 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what muscle is important for breathing? |
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Definition
| the diaphragm [which is the floor of the thoracic cavity] |
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Term
| what structures run through the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| esophagus, aorta [major artery of circulation], and the inferior IVC to get blood back |
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Term
| the thoracic cavity is further divided into |
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Definition
| right and left parts. lungs are at the right. |
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Term
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Definition
| middle of the thoracic cavity. contains everything except for the lungs [heart, pericardium sac, aorta, superior SVC, esophagus, and pulmonary arteries] |
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Term
| the lungs are surrounded by a membrane called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an epithelium. continuous sheet of tissue that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does parietal mean?? |
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Definition
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Term
| pulmonary [visceral] pleura |
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Definition
| covers the lungs because involved in breathing. pulmonary function. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| located between the parietal and visceral pleura and it is filled with fluid. it is good to have fluid for protection and friction. |
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Term
| diagram the right side of the thoracic cavity! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the pleura |
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Term
| ABDOMINAL CAVITY. examples? |
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Definition
| contains a lot of abdominal viscera. it is the second large anterior cavity. NO PLEURA. ex: liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large/small intestine, aorta, and kidnets |
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Term
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Definition
| an arrangement. a continuous sheet that lines the cavity and covers the organs. |
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Term
| diagram a transverse section of the abdominal viscera |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of peritoneum? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the parietal peritoneum? |
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Definition
| parietal layer that lines the cavity |
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Term
| describe the visceral peritoneum |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the peritoneal cavity? |
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Definition
| it is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum and it is filled with fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| its job is to protect. it is a double layer of peritoneum. ex: mesoappendix which supports the appendix. it can be named for the structure that it supports. |
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Term
| most of the organs in the abdominal cavity are suspended by the... |
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Definition
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Term
| retroperitonal viscera. examples? |
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Definition
| organs behind the peritoneum. ex: kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation in peritoneum |
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Term
| PELVIC CAVITY. what are the structures within the pelvic cavity? |
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Definition
| reproductive structures, bladder, and a sigmoid colon (lower portion of the large intestine), and rectum. |
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Term
| does the peritoneum continue into the pelvic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| most of the viscera in the abdominal-pelvic cavity are suspended or held in place by... |
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Definition
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Term
| THE mesentary is referred to the |
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Definition
| HUGE small intestine. it attaches the small intestine to the POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL. |
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Term
| what other bodily organs does the mesentary serve as protection for? |
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Definition
| arteries, veins, and nerves. |
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Term
| the three smaller anterior cavities [orbital, nasal, and buccal] are located in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a periform aperture. it has a nasal septum, which divides the cavity into nasal halves. AND the inferior nasal concha are the bones by themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| basically the oral cavity, and the structures that make up the buccal cavity are the tongue, teeth, and the salivary glands. |
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Term
| POSTERIOR CAVITIES/DORSAL. it contains which two types of cavities? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the two cavities are connected at the base of the skull at the |
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Definition
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Term
| the human body is a collection of some 70-80 trillion individual cells. most of these cells exist in an "internal sea" of ____ |
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Definition
| extracellular fluid [ECF] "outside the cells" |
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Term
| the ECF is divided into 2 components. what are they? |
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Definition
| interstitial fluid and the circulating blood plasma. |
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Term
| what does the interstitial fluid do? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the circulating blood plasma |
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Definition
| it is whole blood minus the cells. it is just water. |
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Term
| the fluid within the cell is called the ____ |
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Definition
| intracellular fluid [ICF]. |
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Term
| provide the % or size of the fluid compartments for the ECF, ICF, interstitial fluid, and the blood plasma |
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Definition
| ECF - 20% ; ICF - ~40% ; interstitial - 15% ; blood plasma - 5% |
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Term
| the actual environment of the cells of the body is the ___ of the ECF |
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Definition
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Term
| for cells to function properly, this environment must be kept within certain physiological limits. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the maintenance of a constant environment within certain physiological limits for normal cell function. |
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Term
| homeostatis mechanisms are regulated by which two systems? working together or independently. |
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Definition
| nervous and endocrine system |
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Term
| describe the nervous system |
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Definition
| it is FAST ACTING. it regulates homeostasis via nerve impulses. it detects deviation from a set point, and it sends impulses to the proper organs to counteract the stress. |
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Term
| describe the endocrine system |
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Definition
| it is SLOW ACTING. hormones have to diffuse into the ECF into the blood |
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Term
| many of these regulatory mechanisms operate on the principle of |
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Definition
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Term
| define the negative feedback circuit |
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Definition
| deviations from a normal set point are detected by a sensor. signals from sensors continue to change till the set point is set again. |
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Term
| define the positive feedback circuit |
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Definition
| exponential increase or decrease in a set point. |
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Term
| all feedback mechanisms have 3 components. what are they? |
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Definition
| receptors, control center, and effector |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| analyzes info and determines appropriate response |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that initiate change [glands, organs, and muscles] |
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Term
| humans are composed of ~ ___ tissues which are classified into 4 basic types. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 basic types of tissue? |
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Definition
| epithelium, CT, muscular, and nervous |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the surface of the body [skin] and lines the body cavities and ducts [pleura & peritoneum] to form glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| protects and supports the body and its organs. it binds organs together and stores energy as fat. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| initiates and transmits electrical impulses to coordinate body activity |
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Term
| all tissues are composed of [2] |
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Definition
| cells & intercellular substance [IC substance] that lies between the cells |
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Term
| what makes tissues and their functions different from other tissues? |
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Definition
| the types of cells and the intercellular substances |
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Term
| after 8 days following fertilization, the mass of cells that results from several cell divisions embeds in the lining of the uterus and begin to form what 3 primary germ layers? |
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Definition
| ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm [they are embryonic tissues from which all tissues and organs of the body develop] |
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Term
| epithelial tissue develops from ... |
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Definition
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Term
| CT and muscle tissue develop from |
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Definition
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Term
| nervous tissue develops from |
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Definition
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Term
| epithelial tissue can be divided into how many types? and what are they? |
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Definition
| 2! covering&lining epithelium and glandular epithelium |
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Term
| what are the functions of the covering and lining epithelium [membranous epithelium]? [3] |
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Definition
| 1) to form an outer layer of skin (epidermis) 2) forms inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities 3) forms membranes that line cavities that open to the body exterior |
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Term
| what is the function of the glandular epithelium? |
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Definition
| makes up the secreting portion of the endocrine glands [ductless] and exocrine glands [duct] |
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Term
| the general features of all epithelium includes... |
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Definition
| glandular and the covering/lining epithelium |
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Term
| the epithelium consists primarily of ____ with little intercellular substance between adjacent cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| epithelial cells are arranged in what? example. |
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Definition
| sheets or a single layer. ex: epidermis [multiple layers] b/c of alot of wear&tear. ex: capillary [single layer] and job is the diffusion of cells; absorption; secretion. |
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Term
| epithelial cells have an ____ |
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Definition
| apical [free surface] and by free surface, it means that it is exposed to the body cavity, lining the internal organ or exterior of the body. |
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Term
| is epithelium vascular or avascular? |
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Definition
| avascular b/c it doesn't have its own blood supply and it relies on connective tissue. |
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Term
| diagram how epithelial cells line the lumen |
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Definition
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Term
| epithelium adheres firmly to nearby ____ to help hold it in place and protect it from being torn |
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Definition
| CT b/c that's where it gets its blood supply. |
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Term
| the attachment between the epithelium and CT is a thin EXTRACELLULAR LAYER called the |
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Definition
| basement membrane [it has two layers] |
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Term
| what are the 2 layers of the basal membrane? |
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Definition
| basal lamina and reticular lamina |
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Term
| describe the basal lamina. example! |
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Definition
| adheres the epithelium to the CT. ex: skin [epidermis and dermis] epidermis is the epithelium and the dermis is the CT. |
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Term
| describe the reticular lamina |
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Definition
| it has a net like appearance and their fibers are arranged. |
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Term
| what provides for the cell attachment and the physical support for the epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
| epithelium has a ____ supply |
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Definition
| NERVE. like heat, temperature, pressure, and pain. |
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Term
| epithelium is subject to wea and tear, so it has a high capacity for ____ & ____ |
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Definition
| renewal and cell division. ~6-8 weeks we get new skin because it is subject to wear and tear, making it vulnerable to cell division/renewal so it can divide. |
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Term
| epithelium is arranged in different ways relative to its ___ & ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| epithelium can be classified as either.... |
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Definition
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Term
| describe simple epithelium |
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Definition
| a single layer of epithelial cells where you can find little wear and tear. it is located where functions like diffusion, absorption, filtration, and secretion are important |
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Term
| what are the two types of SIMPLE epithelium? |
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Definition
| endothelium and mesothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| it lines the walls of blood and lymph vessels. it lines the walls of the heart, and it forms capillaries [little endothelial tubes] |
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Term
| describe the mesothelium. example? |
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Definition
| it lines the thoracic abdominal, pelvic cavities and covers the viscera within them. MESO-layer in the middle. ex: pleura |
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Term
| serous membranes are on the inside or outside of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| mucous membranes are exposed to the ____ of the body/fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| define stratified epithelium. examples! |
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Definition
| they are cells that are stacked together; a lot of wear and tear. ex: epidermis, and the lining of the mouth. |
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Term
| the covering and lining of the epithelium may also be characterized by [2] |
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Definition
| cell shape and the # of layers |
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Term
| what cells make up the epithelium? [4] |
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Definition
| squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional cells |
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Term
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Definition
| they are flat. capillaries are made up of these. |
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Term
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Definition
| cube-shaped in a cross section. ex: kidney tubules, and they are common in their glands or ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| tall, slender, rectangular. they line the cavities exposed to the exterior of the body. EX: mucous membranes and the uterine tube. |
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Term
| describe mucous membranes [part of the columnar cells] |
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Definition
| An epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages. EXCEPTION: urinary. have mucous membranes without glob cells. |
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Term
| describe transitional cells |
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Definition
| readily change shape. found in the urinary system. they are perfect for stretching, extension, and extending. |
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Term
| can classify covering and lining of epithelium by considering its __ & ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the name of a specific stratified epithelium depends on the ___ of surface cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the glandular epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| a gland may consist of how many cells or _____ that secrete substances into ducts, surfaces, or blood. |
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Definition
| 1 cell ; a group of specialized epithelial cells |
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Term
| what are the two types of glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe exocrine glands. examples. |
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Definition
| glands that secrete their products into ducts. ex: sweat, mucous, oil, wax and digestive enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a tube that empties into the surface, covering and lining the epithelium. |
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Term
| describe endocrine glands |
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Definition
| it no ducts/tubes. they secrete HORMONES and diffuse into the extracellular fluid and into the blood and travel to the target tissue. works w/ nervous system to maintain homeostasis. |
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Term
| examples of endocrine glands |
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Definition
| heart, pituitary gland, pancreas, thyroid gland |
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Term
| what are the general functions of CT? [3] |
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Definition
| protection/support, binds organs together, separates structures like the skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a transportation system [blood] |
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Term
| purpose of the fat/adipose CT? |
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Definition
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Term
| which tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| is CT vascular or avascular? |
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Definition
| HIGHLY VASCULAR. ** exception is cartilege which is Avascular because the tendon/ligament has a poor blood supply. |
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Term
| what determines the tissue qualities in the CT? |
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Definition
| the IC substance in CT largely determines the tissue qualities. the cells of the CT produce the intercellular substance. |
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Term
| IC substance of CT is made up of ___ embedded between the cells and a ___ or matrix |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 types of fibers are embedded in the ground substance? |
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Definition
| collagenous, elastic, and reticular |
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Term
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Definition
| strength and support for tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of collagen. white. very strong, somewhat flexible, tension, and not elastic. |
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Term
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Definition
| stretchable. made of elastin. yellow. strong, elastic, and can stretch. |
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Term
| describe reticular fibers |
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Definition
| net-like. contains the same protein subunits as collagen but arranged differently. they surround themselves with a jelly-like substance. |
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Term
| what two structures are within the reticular fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is the framework of an organ with a lot of reticular fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a functional tissue; a functional part of the organ. it is responsible for the functions of the spleen. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe ground substance |
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Definition
| it takes many forms = jelly-like, jello-like, hard or concrete like. |
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Term
| what are immersed in the ground substance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Review: IC substance comes from the ___ of tissue cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| fibers and ground substance are formed by special (direct cellular activity) CT cells. what are they? [8] |
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Definition
| fibroblast, fibrocyte, chondroblast, chondrocyte, osteoblast, osteocyte, macrophage, and mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the IC substance of loose, elastic, fatty, dense connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forms the IC substance of cartilage. it has a jello-like IC. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forms the IC substance of bone. IC substance is hard. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it eats away old bone [osteoporosis] |
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Term
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Definition
| it develops from white blood cells. it engulfs bacteria and cell debris. A large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, esp. at sites of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| can find them in loose CT and near blood vessels. ex: bronchioles. also, they contain histomine which constricts the bronchioles. take antihistamy to reduce histomine. also releases heparine, a blood thinner and an anti-coagulant. |
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Term
| cells in CT are derived from embryonic cells called ___ |
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Definition
| mesenchymal cells (undifferentiated mesenchyme). |
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Term
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Definition
| that it hasn't specialized |
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Term
| undifferentiated mesenchyme can become any type of cell by |
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Definition
| receiving a signal and differentiating it into any kind of cell (fibroblast, chondroblast...etc). |
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Term
| undifferentiated mesenchyme are derived from.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| explain the differences between epithelium and CT |
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Definition
| 1) EP is characterized by cells & CT by IC substance except for fat. 2) EP rests on some sort of CT b/c its avascular. 3) EP relies on CT for blood supply. |
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Term
| what are the types of CT? |
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Definition
| loose CT (areolar) (superficial fascia - under the skin) (hypodermis - SUB-Q tissue), adipose tissue, dense CT, elastic, and cartilage |
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Term
| describe loose (areolar) CT |
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Definition
| the fibers are loosely packed/disorganized. its IC substance contains all 3 fiber types immersed in a jelly-like ground substance. strong/flexible b/c has all 3 fiber types. |
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Term
| functions of the loose CT [2] |
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Definition
| bed for skin ; packing material for body, protecting it from injury. |
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Term
| describe adipose tissue/fatty areolar tissue |
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Definition
| it has adipose cites - cells of adipose tissue. has a lot of loose CT that can take on and store fat. the ONLY CT that is characterized by its CELLS. not a lot of stuff in between cells, so they dominate the tissue |
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Term
| what are the functions of fat? (4) |
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Definition
| 1) insulation 2) stores energy 3) protection 4) packing material for the body |
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Term
| most of the loose CT is.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by CLOSER PACKING FIBERS found deeper in the body than in loose CT. the IC substance changes slightly. less cells & more IC substance that contains mostly collagen |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of dense CT? |
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Definition
| deep fascia, tendons, and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| it surrounds/covers the muscles. [disorganized]. deeper within the body. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what type of fibers are in the tendons and ligaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| the collagen fibers in the tendons and ligaments run ____ to each other, making them adaptable to tension. |
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Definition
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Term
| fibers in the DEEP FASCIA are arranged in what fashion? |
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Definition
| irregularly arranged (not organized) |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue consisting chiefly of elastic fibers found in the dermis of the skin and in the walls of veins and arteries and in some tendons and ligaments. stretchable. |
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Term
| example of elastic CT [4] |
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Definition
| blood vessel, vocal chords, bronchial tubes, trachea elastic fibers |
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Term
| where are the fibroblasts/fibrocytes found? |
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Definition
| within the ground substance of areolar, fatty, dense, and elastic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the ONLY CT that is AVASCULAR. it is a supporting CT that bears weight. it contains many collagen fibers embedded in a firm matrix that is JELLO-LIKE |
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Term
| the fibers and the ground substance are produced by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is the space within the cartilage matrix that houses a chondroblast (chondrocyte). |
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Term
| what is the perichondrium? |
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Definition
| it is a fibrous membrane that surrounds the cartilage. peri means "around" |
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Term
| the perichondrium is composed of 2 layers, an outer and inner layer. describe them |
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Definition
| it is made up of dense fibrous CT ; undifferentiated mesenchyme. it can become a variety of cells. |
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Term
| cartilage is the precursor to.. |
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Definition
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Term
| cartilage grows in 2 ways. what are they? |
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Definition
| appositional and interstitial growth |
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Term
| describe appositional growth |
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Definition
| it is growth at the surface. |
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Term
| random note about cartilage: if we want the cartilage to grow, the mesenchymal cells are differentiating into chondroblasts. |
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Definition
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Term
| describe interstitial growth |
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Definition
| growth in length. a growth from within. |
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Term
| when does cartilage form? and what does it become saturated with? what is this process called? |
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Definition
| between 4th-6th weeks. becomes saturated with Calcium salts. calcification (calcified & destroyed & replaced with bone). |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process in which calcium salts build up in soft tissue, causing it to harden. Calcifications may be classified on whether there is mineral balance or not, and the location of the calcification. |
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Term
| what are the types of cartilage? [3] |
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Definition
| hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage |
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Term
| describe hyaline cartilage [articulate cartilage] and example |
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Definition
| most abundant. a lot formed in the utero, but most are destroyed and replaced with bone. found at the ends of bonds where we have freely movable joints. used as friction. costal cartilages at the ventral end of the rib. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe elastic cartilage |
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Definition
| is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, larynx, and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is elastin. |
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Term
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Definition
| it has a lot of collaen. its IC/ground substance is soupy/squishy and can withstand a lot of pressure. found in places where body absorbs shock and in between body vert. |
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Term
| examples of fibrocartilages |
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Definition
| miniscus of the knee. hip joint, shoulder joint, and between the pubic bones |
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Term
| body membranes fall into two major groups according to the type of tissue that forms them. what are the two major groups of body membranes? |
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Definition
| epithelial membranes ; CT membranes |
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Term
| what are the three types of epithelial membranes? |
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Definition
| cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes. |
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Term
| describe cutaneous membranes |
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Definition
| outer layer of the skin [epidermis]. it is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. |
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Term
| describe mucous membranes |
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Definition
| lines the cavities exposed to the exterior of the body. they are lined with mucous/goblet cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| are glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. |
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Term
| which is an exception to the mucous membrane? |
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Definition
| the URINARY SYSTEM. it doesn't produce mucous but it is exposed to the exterior. |
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Term
| is secreting mucous a requirement for mucous membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
| functions of the mucous are... |
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Definition
| helps prevent cavity from drying out, traps particles in respiratory passageways, stuff that you dont want to get down into your lungs, and it lubricates food as it moves through the GI tract. |
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Term
| describe serous membranes [AKA mesothelium - simple epithelium] |
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Definition
| occur in pairs - parietal [lines cavities] and visceral layer [covers organs]. interior of the body. serous fluid helps prevent friction. |
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Term
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Definition
| interior of the body. it has a SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. |
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Term
| describe synovial membrane |
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Definition
| lines the cavities of the freely moving joints, joint capsule, and tendon sheets. also bound in lining bersa sac - a CT sac lined with synovial membrane. |
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Term
| draw an example of a CT membrane! |
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Definition
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Term
| define the integumentary system |
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Definition
| it consists of the skin and its derivatives. the skin is the largest organ in the body. the derivatives are the stuff coming out of the skin. ex: hair, sweat, nerve endings, nails |
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Term
| what are the functions of skin? (6) |
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Definition
| protection/insulates deeper body organs, protects from mechanical, chemical, thermal & bacteria, regulates temp with a - feedback (sweat to dissipate heat), mini excretory system (when you sweat, you release H2O&salt), synthesizes vitamin D, and it has lots of cutaneous sense organs that allow us to detect touch, pressure, temperature, & pain communicating with the body. |
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Term
| the skin is composed of what 2 kinds of tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made up of epithelium tissue [stratified squamous keratinized]. capable of keratinization. |
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Term
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Definition
| as cells migrate from deeper layers to the surface, it gets water proofed along the way. they are fibrous structural proteins. structural material that makes up the outer layer of skin (structural component of hair and nails) |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of fibrous dense CT. its job is to anchor the epidermis. they are held together by a BASEMENT MEMBRANE. ex: blister. epidermis tearing away from basement membrane. |
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Term
| subcutaneous tissue [SUBQ] tissue |
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Definition
| beneath the dermis. another name is superficial fascia. it is a shock absorber, protects us from extreme temperature changes. NOT PART OF THE SKIN! |
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Term
| what kind of tissue is the SUBQ tissue? |
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Definition
| adipose tissue. it stores fat. |
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Term
| what is underneath the SUBQ layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| is the epidermis vascular or avascular? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the composition of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| stratified squamous keratinous epithelium |
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Term
| what are the epidermal cells? [2] |
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Definition
| keratinocytes and melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| are majority of the epidermal cells are these |
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Term
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Definition
| they produce a brown/black pigment. MELANIN - a pigment that contributes to this skin color. it protects the keratinocytes/DNA in keratinocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| melano has extensions to send melanin to keratinocytes to go around the nucleus to protect the DNA and after time, develop a time. |
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Term
| what are the 5 layers of cells that form the epidermis? [deep to superficial] |
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Definition
| stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum [horny layer] |
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Term
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Definition
| "basal layer". the deepest layer. CUBOIDAL. contains stem cells that undergo cell division. melanocytes are present here too. |
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Term
| why is the stratum basale also known as the stratum germinatium? |
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Definition
| because it germinates new cells |
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Term
| what happens to the stem cells in the stratum basale? |
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Definition
| some will become keratinocytes and migrate to the surface or sweat gland and go to the dermis. |
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Term
| describe stratum spinosum |
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Definition
| 8-10 layers of many sided cells that are packed close together. has various shapes. |
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Term
| describe stratum granulosum |
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Definition
| 2-4 layers of flatten cells that are becoming more squamous shaped. keratinization occurs here. the black dots present = nucleus. the nuclei are dying, degeneration. cell dies when nucleus degenerates. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is translucent. only found in thick skin of our palms and the soles of our feet. it has 5 layers. the reason for a lot of layers is b/c it is susceptible to more wear&tear |
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Term
| describe the stratum corneum [horny layer] |
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Definition
| 25-30 dead flat completely keratinized cells. it is the most superficial layer. has a lot of layers because constantly shuffling skkin off. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are formed in the basal layer, accumulating keratin as pushed up and relocated to the surface. |
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Term
| how many weeks does it take for a cell to be formed in the basal layer and shuffled off? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do repeated abrasions on the skin do? |
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Definition
| accelerates the process and causes an abnormal thickening of the stratus corneum [callous] |
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Term
| describe the dermis [review] |
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Definition
| dense fibrous CT. irregular. strong/stretchy. it contains collagenous and elastic fibers. |
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Term
| what are two types of cutaneous glands? |
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Definition
| sebaceous (oil glands) and sudoriferous (sweat glands) |
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Term
| describe sebaceous glands |
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Definition
| white. found all over the skin, except in palms and soles of feet. produces sebum! HAS A DUCT, therefore it is exocrine gland. the ducts usually empty into hair follicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| oily mixture of fatty acids and proteins [oil]. helps keep skin soft. good to have oil in hair to hair from falling out BUT too greasy. |
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Term
| when are sebaceous glands the most active? |
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Definition
| active at puberty where the skin becomes more oily [blackheads] |
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Term
| how are blackheads formed? |
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Definition
| accumulation of dried sebum and bacteria in the gland and duct. it is black because it hits oxygen and it is oxidized. infection: zits |
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Term
| describe sudoriferous glands |
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Definition
| have epithelial openings called pores. widely distributed on the body. |
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Term
| what are the two types of sudoriferous? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it is all over the body. they secrete water and salt. they enter the skin via pores and produce sweat. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is deeper in the dermis. located in the arm pits [axila] and genital area. dont secrete water and salt, but secrete oily substance composed of fatty acids and proteins. ODORS if bacteria is present. deodorants block apocrine glands. |
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