Term
| Muscles and Innervation of Anterior Thigh Compartment |
|
Definition
Sartorius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedialis
Vastus Medialis
Innervation: Femoral Nerve
Function: Extensor Muscles of Knee |
|
|
Term
| Muscles of Medial Thigh Compartment |
|
Definition
"Georgey Porgey ADDs Bacon Love to Mealtime"
Muscles: Gracilis, Pectineus
Adductors: Brevis, Longus, and Magnus
Origin: Pubis (pectineaus=pubis crest)
Insertion: Femor (gracilis onto tibia)
Hip adductors |
|
|
Term
| Muscles and Innervation of Posterior Thigh Compartment |
|
Definition
Biceps Femoris
Semimembranosis
Semitendonosis
Function: Hip Flexors Knee Extensors
Innervation: Sciatic |
|
|
Term
| Muscles of Posterior Leg Compartment and Innervation |
|
Definition
"George Pauses To FLEX His Long Dark Leg and Pose"
Superficial:
-Gastrocnemius
-Plantaris
-Soleus
Deep:
-Tibialis posterior
-Flexors: Hallucis Longus and Digitorum Longus
-Popliteus
Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4,5, S1,2,3) |
|
|
Term
| Muscles and Innervation of the Lateral Leg Compartment |
|
Definition
"Fly long Superficial Fly Boy"
Fibularis Longus (Peroneus Longus)
Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve)
Fibularis brevis (peroneal brevis) |
|
|
Term
| Muscles of Anterior Leg Compartment and Innervation |
|
Definition
To Err, He Estimates Function and Fibs
Tibialis anterior (O: tibia)
Extensor Hallucis longus (O: fibula)
Extensor Digitorum longus (O: tibia)
Fibularis (peroneus) Tertius (O: fibula)
Innervation: Deep FIBular (peroneal) nerve |
|
|
Term
| Ankle anterior compartment contents |
|
Definition
Tom, Dick, and Nervous Harry
Starting from behind the medial malleolus:
From anterior to posterior:
- Tibialis posterior
- Digitorum, flexor longus
- Artery, posterior tibial
- Nerve, posterior tibial
-Flexor hallicus longus
- Hallicus |
|
|
Term
| Popliteal Fossa Arrangement |
|
Definition
The two Semi’s go together: Semimembranosus and Semitendonosus.
The Membranosus is Medial and since the two semis go together, Semitendonosus is also medial.
Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral.
Of the semi’s, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendonosus is on Top. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MAP of SCIATICA
Medial-Obturator
Anterior-femoral
Posterior-Sciatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Piece Goods often go on quilts
Piriformis Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
Gemellus inferior
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tall Californian Navy Medical Interns Lay Cuties
In order (right foot, superior to inferior, medial to lateral):
-Talus
-Calcanous
-Navicular
-Medial cuneiform
-Intermediate cuneiform
-Lateral cuneifrom
-Cuboid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pEroneus longus
-pEroneus brevis
-pEroneus terius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tIbialis anterior
-tIbialis posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B/t the knee & ankle at the malleoli. Leg contains the tibia & fibula. Posterior is the calf & Achilles tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Who's flying in the top of the obturator canal? Obviously not a vein!
Obturator
-Nerve
-Artery
-Vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Posterior PILS
iliolumbar
lateral sacral
superior gluteal |
|
|
Term
| Femoral Triangle Boundaries |
|
Definition
SAIL
Sartorius
Adductor Longus
Inguinal Ligament |
|
|
Term
| Femoral Triangle Boundaries |
|
Definition
SAIL
Sartorius
Adductor Longus
Inguinal Ligament |
|
|
Term
| Femoral Triangle Contents |
|
Definition
NAVEL:
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty Space
Lymphatic (deep inguinal node) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 nerves, 3 arteries, 3 other things:
Arteries:
-Testicular
-Ductus deferens
-Cremasteric
Nerves:
-Genital branch of genitofemoral
-Cremasteric
-Autonomics
Other:
-ductus deferens
-pampiniform plexus
-lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Lingual nerve
Took a curve
Around the Hyoglossus.
“Well I’ll be f*#ked!”
Said Wharton’s Duct,
“The bastard’s gone and crossed us!” |
|
|
Term
| Sperm pathway through reproductive tract |
|
Definition
SEVEN UP
-Seminiferous tubules
-Epididymis
-Vas deferens
-Ejaculatory duct
-Nothing
-Urethra
-Penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some damn englishman called it the testes:
(superficial to deep)
-Skin
-Dartos
-External spermatic fascia
-Cremaster
-Internal spermatic fascia
-Tunica vaginalis
-Testes |
|
|
Term
| What is the central region of the fallopian tube? what is the narrowest portion that joins the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the inguinal canal in men and women? |
|
Definition
Men: Spermatic Cord
Women: round ligament of uterus, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| How many sperm are produced per day on average? What is the life expectancy within the female reproductive tract? |
|
Definition
300 million per day
48 hours |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the area of junction between the anterior abdominal wall and the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the secondary oocyte begins meiosis II
-after fertilization, meiosis II resumes |
|
|
Term
| What is the process for freezing embryos? |
|
Definition
| -intracellular water is removed and replaced with a cryoprotectant and then stored at 196 degree C. Cellular activity has now ceased and the embryos are in a state of "suspended animation" |
|
|
Term
| The passage that extends in a downward and medial direction, just above and parallel to the inguinal ligament is the _______/_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the ovaries to the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| protrusion or a passage of a peritoneal sac, with or without abdominal contents, through a weakened part of the abdominal wall in the groin |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of LH and FSH? |
|
Definition
-LH- stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of corpus luteum (which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin)
-FSH- initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the uterine artery a branch of? What are the ovarian arteries branches of? |
|
Definition
-internal iliac
-abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal site of fertilization in the female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
| contains remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into a corpus albicans |
|
|
Term
| What is the fatty pad over the pubis symphysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spike in what hormone around day 14 of the menstrual cycle is responsible for ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the deep pouch that occurs in women between the uterus and rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an incisional hernia? |
|
Definition
| one that occurs through a defect in a scar from a previous abdominal operation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of LH and FSH with respect to the testes? |
|
Definition
-LH: assists in spermatogenesis and stimulates testosterone production
-FSH: initiates spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the male gamete and the female gamete before fertilization? |
|
Definition
| sperm and secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal? what reinforces it? |
|
Definition
| the transversalis fascia, reinforced by the conjoint tendon |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of abortion? |
|
Definition
| the delivery of loss of the products of conception before the 20th week of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| How many days after ovulation does a zygote reach the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form the largest components of the bowl shaped structure known as the pelvic diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucosa contains large stores of ________ which decompose and set up an _________ environment for the sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 sections of the sperm |
|
Definition
-head: contains DNA and acrosome
-midpiece: contains mitochondria to form ATP
-tail: flagellum used for locomotion |
|
|
Term
| What do ovarian follicles consist of? |
|
Definition
| oocytes in various stages of development. A mature (graafian) follicle expels a secondary oocyte by a process called ovulation |
|
|
Term
| The deep inguinal ring is the beginning of the tubular evagination of the _______________ fascia that forms one of the coverings of the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament in women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of inguinal hernia does not traverse the entire length of the inguinal canal but may exit through the superficial inguinal ring? What would then occur? |
|
Definition
-direct inguinal hernia
-when it exits through the superficial inguinal ring the peritoneal sac acquires a layer of spermatic fascia and can extend like an indirect hernia into the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What is the key to the groin examination? |
|
Definition
| To determine the position of the inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| T or F costs of embryo adoption are significantly lower than traditional adoption and IVF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe femoral hernias. What canal do they pass through and where is this canal anatomically located? In what population are these hernias most commonly seen? |
|
Definition
-pass through the femoral canal
-femoral canal is at the medial edge of the femoral sheath which contains the femoral artery, vein, and lymphatics.
-most commonly seen in middle aged and elderly populations, more common in women than men |
|
|
Term
| Can genetic parents change their mind and try to obtain custody of children resulting from Embryo Donation and Adoption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ epithelium covers the surface of the ovary but does not give rise to the ova. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems which serves as a passageway for semen and urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cut and tied off in a vasectomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the position of the deep inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| -it is the beginning of the inguinal canal and is midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. It is just above the inguinal ligament. |
|
|
Term
| What are two terms that are used to refer to the external genitalia of the female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gonads in males and females descend from their sites of origin on the __________ abdominal wall into the _________/_______ in women and _________ in men |
|
Definition
-posterior
-pelvic cavity
-scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm plus glandular secretions |
|
|
Term
| What is the diamond shaped area between the thighs and the buttocks in both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an indirect inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| a hernia that goes through the deep inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hernia in men? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells secrete testosterone? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
| -leydig cells or interstitial endocrinocytes found in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| Describe the superficial inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| it is the end of the inguinal canal and is superior to the pubic tubercle, it is a triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique |
|
|
Term
| What causes the wrinkling of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| the skin contains dartos muscle |
|
|
Term
| Is the inguinal region considered strong or weak in men and women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone released by the hypothalamus controls the female reproductive cycle? Of what does it stimulate the release? |
|
Definition
-GnRH
-FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What is the dense white capsule that surrounds the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two triangles of the perineum and each of their contents? |
|
Definition
-urogenital: contains external genitals
-anal: contains anus |
|
|
Term
| What pulls the testes and ovaries down into their mature position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of inhibin hormone? |
|
Definition
| when sperm production is sufficient the sertoli cells release inhibin which inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary and decreases sperm production. opposite occurs if sperm production is proceeding too slowly |
|
|
Term
| What contains the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves of the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histologically, how many layers are there in the uterine tube? name them going from deepest to most superficial |
|
Definition
3
mucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| What does the cremaster muscle in the spermatic cord do with respect to temperature regulation of the testes? |
|
Definition
-elevates the testes on exposure to cold and during arousal
-warmth reverses the process |
|
|
Term
| spermatogenesis is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce _________ sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the upper, paired, erectile tissue mass of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does meiosis I begin? end? |
|
Definition
-begins during fetal development
-after puberty primary oocytes complete meiosis I, which produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body |
|
|
Term
| T or F, Under current law, once the embryos have been transferred the genetic parents still have a legal claim to the resulting children. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does oogenesis result in the formation of? |
|
Definition
| a haploid secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
| What do the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal control of the testes begins with The hypothalamus secreting _______ which influences the anterior pituitary secretion of ________ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the head region of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
| multiple efferent ducts become a single ductus epididymis |
|
|
Term
| The superficial inguinal ring is the beginning of the tubular evagination of the aponeurosis of the _________/_______ muscle onto the structures traversing the inguinal canal and emerging from the superficial ring. The continuation of this tissue over the spermatic cord is the __________/________ fascia |
|
Definition
-external oblique
-external spermatic |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 causes of male infertility? |
|
Definition
-low sperm count
-azoospermia (no sperm)
-low motility (fewer than normal are moving at the speed that is normal) |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the vulva? |
|
Definition
| the vagina and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| What part of the fallopian tube is the open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary? what are the moving finger-like processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cremasteric reflex? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the cremaster muscle is stimulated by a reflex arch. Gentle touch around the skin of the medial aspect of the superior part of the thigh stimulates the sensory fibers. It pulls up the scrotum and testis on the side stroked. |
|
|
Term
| the processus vaginalis is immediately ________ to the gubernaculum within the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the occasional cause of an umbilical hernia? |
|
Definition
| Occasionally they are congenital and result from failure of the small bowel to return to the abdominal cavity from the umbilical cord during development. They are rare and most close in the first year of life. |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica vaginalis? |
|
Definition
| the piece of peritoneum that descends with the testes into the scrotal sac. it facilitates movement of testes within the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What do the uterine tubes transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ductus epididymis? |
|
Definition
| the site of sperm maturation and storage, sperm may remain in storage here for at least a month after which they are either expelled or degenerated and reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| Where are the sperm cells made in the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 causes of female infertility? |
|
Definition
-ovulation issues
-tubal issues
-PCOS
-endometriosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of the vagina? |
|
Definition
| -mucosal, muscularis, and adventitia (a loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 subdivisions of the uterus going from superior to inferior? |
|
Definition
| -fundus, body, isthmus, cervix |
|
|
Term
| What do the cremaster muscle and fascia form with respect to the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| they form the middle or second covering of the spermatic cord (supplied by the genitofemoral nerve L1 and L2) |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a potential problem with a hernia? |
|
Definition
| bowel and fat may get stuck in the hernial sac, this can cause pain and bowel obstruction and necessitates urgent surgery |
|
|
Term
| The conjoint tendon is the combined insertion of what two muscles into what? |
|
Definition
| combined insertion of the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique muscles into the pubic crest |
|
|
Term
| What contains the ovarian follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In men, as the testes descend their accompanying ______,______, and ________ pass through the inguinal canal and are surrounded by the same fascial layers of the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| -vessels, ducts, and nerves |
|
|
Term
| What does the inguinal ligament pass between medially and laterally? |
|
Definition
-medially: pubic tubercle
-laterally: ASIS |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the perineum? |
|
Definition
| pubic symphysis and coccyx |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of sexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| a process in which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes |
|
|
Term
| Testicular descent completes the formation of the _________/________ in men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a doughnut shaped, golf ball sized gland which is inferior to the urinary bladder and surround the prostatic urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the seminal vesicles secrete? |
|
Definition
an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostoglandins and clotting proteins
-alkaline bc it helps to neutralize acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract
-fructose is for ATP production by sperm
-prostoglandins contribute to sperm motility and viability
-semenogelin is the main protein that causes coagulation of semen after ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| The uterus normally projects _________ and _________ to the urinary bladder in a position called _________ |
|
Definition
-anterior
-superior
-anteroflexion |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the peritoneal outpouching that protrudes through the anterior abdominal wall and acquires coverings from the transversals fascia, internal oblique, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique, as a result transforming into the basic structure of the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Uniform Parentage Act (UPA) state regarding birth mothers with respect to IVF and embryo adoption? |
|
Definition
| provides that a woman who gives birth to a child is the legal mother |
|
|
Term
| What ligament suspends the uterus from the side wall of the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the prenatal effects of testosterone and the effects at puberty? |
|
Definition
-prenatal: male genitalia formation
-puberty: sexual behavior and libido, male metabolism (bone and muscle mass heavier), deepening of the voice |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 things the ovaries produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the failure of the testes to descend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The aponeurosis of what muscle sweeps down and joins with the inguinal ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal? What reinforces it? |
|
Definition
| The aponeurosis of the external oblique. It is reinforced laterally by the medial fibers of the internal oblique muscle |
|
|
Term
| Histologically, what are the three subdivisions of the uterus? |
|
Definition
-outer perimetrium
-middle myometrium
-inner endometrium (stratum functionalis- shed during menstruation, and stratum basalis- gives rise to a new SF after each menstruation) |
|
|
Term
| what is the lower erectile tissue mass of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three groups of organs of reproduction? |
|
Definition
-gonads: produce gametes and secrete hormones
-ducts: transport, receive, and store gametes
-accessory sex glands: produce materials that support gametes |
|
|
Term
| The tight junctions between __________ form the blood-testis barrier. What does this barrier prevent? |
|
Definition
-sertoli or sustenacular cells
-BTB prevents an immune response against the surface antigens of the spermatogenic cells |
|
|
Term
| Of erection and ejaculation which is a sympathetic reflex and which is a parasympathetic reflex? |
|
Definition
-erection: parasympathetic
-ejaculation: sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Tail region of the epididymis continues as the _______/______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the passage through the anterior abdominal wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a direct inguinal hernia? In what population is this commonly seen? Where does the bulging typically occur? |
|
Definition
| A hernia that goes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. Usually acquired because it develops when abdominal musculature has been weakened. Often seen in older men and the building occurs medial to the inferior epigastric vessels in the inguinal triangle (hesslbach's) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the preparatory medication given to females undergoing IVF? |
|
Definition
| to hyper-stimulate oocyte (egg) production |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of infertility? |
|
Definition
| the failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse |
|
|
Term
| Sperm survival requires ______ degrees lower temperature than core body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the spermatic cord enters the deep inguinal ring and proceeds down the inguinal canal and exits the superficial ring, how many fascial coverings has it acquired? Name each and their origin |
|
Definition
3, from deep to superficial:
-internal spermatic fascia: from transversalis fascia
-cremasteric fascia: associated with the cremaster muscle arises from the internal oblique m.
-external spermatic fascia: arises from aponeurosis of the external oblique and is attached to the margins of the superficial inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| What anchors the ovaries to the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main steps of IVF? |
|
Definition
-egg retrieval
-fertilization
-embryo transfer, 4-5 days after fertilization (1-4 eggs are inserted into the uterus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External iliac and vein change their name to ___________ after passing inferior to the inguinal ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circular margin of the pelvic inlet created by: |
|
Definition
Posterior- Sacrum
Anterior- pubic symphysis
Lateral-bony rim of pelvic bone |
|
|
Term
| The pelvic cavity projects _____ and the pelvic inlet opens _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening where structures can pass b/t the abdomen & pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Why can infections freely spread between the abdomen and the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| The peritoneal lining is continuous. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condyles of the distal femur & proximal tibia & head of the fibula. Patella is anterior. Posterior is the Popliteal Fossa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Malleoli & talocrurual joint between the malleoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distal to ankle. Toes are distal digits of the foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B/t inguinal ligament & knee. Contains most of the femur |
|
|
Term
| 4 major entry & exit points b/t the lower limb & the abdomen, pelvis, & perineum |
|
Definition
–Gap b/t the inguinal ligament 7 pelvic bone
–Greater sciatic foramen
–Obturator canal
–Lesser sciatic foramen |
|
|
