Term
|
Definition
| Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. |
|
|
Term
| ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
|
Definition
| The 3 primary germ layers from which all tissue and organs develop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Points of contact between adjacent plasma membranes. |
|
|
Term
| functions of cell junctions (3) |
|
Definition
| Depending on their structure they can: 1. Act as fluid-tight seals between cells, 2. Anchor cells together or to extracellular material, 3. Act as channels allowing ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell junctions that form fluid-tight seals, connecting the cells of tissues that line the surfaces of organs and body cavities. They are common in epithelial cells that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. |
|
|
Term
| the most important cell junctions (5) |
|
Definition
| Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell junctions that help epithelial surfaces to resist separation. They are made of plaque. Transmembrane glycoproteins anchored in this plaque cross the space between membranes from this cell to connect with the adjacent cell glycoproteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell junctions that are numerous in the epidermis and between cardiac muscles. They are made of plaque, linking the cytoskeletons of cells together with cadherins (transmembrane glycoproteins). Intermediate filaments extend from these across the cytoplasm of the opposite side of the cell for stability of the cell and tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell junctions that anchor one kind of tissue to another. They have integrin transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins). They attach to intermediate filaments inside cells and to extracellular membrane on the outside. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell junctions that leave a tiny intracellular space between adjacent plasma membranes that is bridged by connexons (transmembrane protein channels), enabling nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly between cells. |
|
|
Term
| epithelial tissue (epithelium) |
|
Definition
| Tissue that consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, either in single or multiple layers. Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, and forms glands. Layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. Shape can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional. |
|
|
Term
| general features of epithelium (8) |
|
Definition
| 1. Arranged in sheets (either single or multiple layers), 2. Many cell junctions to provide secure attachments, 3. Apical (free) surface, 4. Basal surface adhered firmly to a basement membrane, 5. Lateral surfaces, 6. Avascular (so it uses diffusion), 7. Has nerve supply, 8. High capacity for renewal (high mitotic rate) |
|
|
Term
| functions of epithelium (9) |
|
Definition
| Protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, excretion, lubrication, digestion, reproduction, transportation. |
|
|
Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| Single layer of flat cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and secretion. Found where protection is not important because of minimal wear and tear. |
|
|
Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| Single layer of cube-shaped cells used for secretion and absorption. Found in kidneys, surface of ovaries, thyroid and pancreas glands. |
|
|
Term
| simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| Single layer of tall, rectangular cells with oval nuclei. The nonciliated kind contains microvilli, is used for absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes and is found in the digestive track. The ciliated kind moves mucus and other substances and is found in the upper respiratory tract and uterine tubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that contains at least two layers of cells, making it more durable and able to better protect underlying tissues. Some kinds produce secretions. |
|
|
Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| Thick membrane tissue composed of several layers that protects underlying tissues in areas subject o abrasion. Can be keratinized (superficial layer of skin) or nonkeratinized (lines wet surfaces of mouth, epiglottis, and vagina, and covers tongue). |
|
|
Term
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| Rare tissue. Mostly protective but also functions in limited secretation and absorption. Found in ducts of adult sweat, mammary, salivary, and espophageal glands, and part of male urethra. |
|
|
Term
| stratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| Rare tissue. Protects and secretes. Found in part of male urethra, esophageal glands, part anal mucous membrane and conjunctiva of eye. |
|
|
Term
| stratified transitional epithelium |
|
Definition
| Tissue that permits distention and is variable in appearance, depending on whether the orgain it lines is relased or distended (stretched). Found in ureters, bladder, and urethra. |
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| Tissue with a single layer of cells at different heights where nuclei are seen at different levels. Ciliated kind secrets and moves mucus in upper respiratory tract. Nonciliated kind has no globlet cells, lines ducts of large glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue whose function is secretion, which is accomplished by glandular cells that often lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium. Contains endocrine and exocrine glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete products (hormones) into blood to maintain homeostasis by using diffusion, not ducts. Found in pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and thymus glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering or free surface. Produce mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| structure of exocrine glands and examples (2) |
|
Definition
| 1. Unicellular: goblet cell, 2. Multicellular: sweat, oil, and digestive glands |
|
|
Term
| functional classification of exocrine glands (3) |
|
Definition
This is based on whether a secretion is released by itself from a cell, or whether the secretion consists of entire or partial glandular cells themselves.
1. Holocrine: when cell dies, accumulated product in cytosol is discharged as glandular secretion, 2. Merocrine: discharge product by exocytosis (most common), 3. Apocrine: cell discharges product at apical surface by pinching off from rest of cell; cell repairs and repeats (we're not sure if humans have these) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. It consists of relatively few cells in a generous matrix. Is derived from mesodermal embryonic cells (called mesenchymal cells). |
|
|
Term
| general features of connective tissue (4) |
|
Definition
| This tissue contains 3 basic elements (cells, ground substance and fibers), does not occur on free surfaces, is highly vascular, and has a nerve supply (except for cartilage). |
|
|
Term
| functions of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| Tissue functions to protect the body and its organs, bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and provide immunity to disease-causing organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immature connective tissue cell. ex: fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature connective tissue cell. ex: osteocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of connective tissue that prevents tissue cells from touching one another. It is made by fibroblasts and can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified. Is made up of the ground substance and fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A componant of connective tissue matrix that is between the cells and fibers. It supports and binds, and provides a medium for material exchange between blood and cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of connective tissue matrix that provides support and strength for tissues. Can be collagen, elastic, or reticular. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fiber in connective tissue matrix that are very tough and resistant to stretching but allow some flexibility (like glue). It is the most abundant protein in the body, found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fiber in connective tissue matrix that provides strengh and stretching capacity. Found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fiber in connective tissue matrix that provides a criss-cross "net" of support in walls of blood vessels. Forms a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve, skeletal and smooth muscle fibers and basement membrane. |
|
|
Term
| classification of connective tissue (2) |
|
Definition
| 1. Embryonic (a. mesenchyme: found in embryo/fetus giving rise to all other connective tissue types; b. mucous: in umbilical cord), 2. Mature: found in newborns and does not chage after birth |
|
|
Term
| mature connective tissues (6) |
|
Definition
| Loose connective, dense connective, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kind of mature connective tissue that has loosely woven fibers and many cells are present. Can be areolar, adipose, or reticular. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A loose connective tissue which is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues under epithelia, has a gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types, forms the subcutaneous layer, and provides strength, elasticity, and suport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A loose connective tissue that is specialized for storage of triglycerides. The nuclei are peripherally located. It reduces heat loss and is found under skin, around kidneys and heart, in abdomen and breast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A loose connective tissue that contains a network of reticular fibers and reticular cells forming the stroma (supporting framework) of organs, and filtering and removing worn-out blood cells in spleen. Found in lymphoid organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of mature connective tissue that contains numerous, thick fibers but few cells. Can be divided into regular, irregular, and elastic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of dense mature connective tissue that contains bundles of collagen fibers in a regular (parallel) arrangement, is silvery white and tough. Found in tendons, aponeuroses, and most ligaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of dense mature connective tissue that contains bundles of collagen fibers in irregular, various directions, making it able to withstand tension exerted in may directions. Found in dermis of skin, fasciae, around bone, cartilage, and heart, and capsules around joints and organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of dense mature connective tissue that recois back after stretching to maintain structure. Found in lung tissue, elastic arteries, trachea, and bronchial tubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of mature connective tissue where chondrocytes occur in lacunae in the matrix. It is surrounded by a perichondrium, has no blood vessels or nerves (except in the perichondrium) and can be divided into hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most abundant and weakest type of cartilege tissue. Most of it is surrounded by a perichondrium. It supports and reinforces. Found at costal cartilages of rigs, nose, trachea, larnyx, and most of embryonic skeleton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The strongest kind of cartilege. It contains no perichondrium. Used for support and fusion. Found in intervertebral discs, pubid symphysis, and menisci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This cartilege has a perichondrium, and provides strength and elasticity. Found in external ear, auditory tubes, and epiglottis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This mature connective tissue consists of a matrix containing mineral salts, collagenous fibers and osteocytes. It supports, protects, stores minerals, and forms blood. It can be classified (depending on how the matrix and cells are organized) into compact and spongy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This bone tissue constains osteon (Haversian) systems, lamella, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentric rings that provide hardness and strength in an osteon system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small spaces in osteon systems that contain osteocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minute canals projecting from lacunae in an osteon system. Contain processes of osteocytes and provide routes for nutrient and waste transport. |
|
|
Term
| central (Haversian) canal |
|
Definition
| Central canal in an osteon system that contains blood vessels and nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone tissue that contains trabeculae (columns of bone), lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature connective tissue containing a liquid matrix (plasma) and formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red blood cells in blood tissue that transport respiratory gases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White blood cells in blood tissue that are involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of blood tissue that participates in blood clotting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature connective tissue consisting of a clear fluid similar to plasma, but with much less protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. Can be divided into epithelial (mucous and serous) and synovial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of epithelial membrane that lines cavities that open to the exterior. ex: digestive, reproductive, respiratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of epithelial membrane that lines cavities that do not open directly to the exterior. Covers organs that lie within the cavity, consist of a parietal and visceral layer secreting a lubricating fluid to reduce friction. ex: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membranes that line joint cavities, bursae (cushioning sacs), and tendon sheaths. They secret a lubricating fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that generates the physical force needed to make body structures move. It consists of fibers (cells) that are modified for concentration. Provides motion, maintenance of posture, and heat production. Divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle tissue that is attached to bones, is striated, and is voluntarily used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle tissue that forms most of the heart, is striated, and is involuntarily used. (Also the only kind with bright pink intercalated discs). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle tissue that is found in walls of hollow internal organs, is nonstriated, and is involuntarily used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that detects internal and external changes and responds by generating nerve impulses to coordinate homeostasis. Contains neurons and neuroglia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cells that recieve impulses. Consist of a cell body with nucleus and other organelles. They are sensitive to stimuli, convert stimuli to nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses. Have 2 types of processes: dendrites and axon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly branched short cell processes of neurons. These are the major recieving or input portion of a neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The single, thin, cylindrical process extending from a neuron that may be very long. It is the output portion of the neuron that conducts new impulses toward another neuron or tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protective and supporting cells of nervous tissue. They support neurons and never send signals. Often they are sites of tumors. |
|
|
