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| the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body parts-their forms and how they are organized |
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| concerns the funcitons of body parts (what they do and how they do it) |
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| microscopic particles called atoms, which join to form molecules. Small molecules can combine in complex ways to form larger macromolecules |
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| The sum total of chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up. The reactions of metabolism enable us to acquire and use energy to fuel processes |
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| Requirements of Organisms |
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| Water, Foods, Oxygen, Heat, Pressure (atmospheric and hydrostatic) |
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| stable internal environment |
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| Three components of homeostatic mechanisms |
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Receptors: provide info about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
Set point: what a particular value should be
Effectors: cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment |
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| farther away from the body's surface |
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| further from a point of attachment; opposite of proximal |
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| situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of a part |
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| toward or near the midline |
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| toward the back; the opposite of anterior |
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| closer to the point of attachment; opposite of distal |
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| structure higher than another structure |
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| wasting away of tissue; decrease in size of a part; sometimes referred to as a disuse atrophy |
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| describe relative positions of body parts |
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| a muscle or gland that effects change in the body |
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| a highly complex and integrated communication control network, classified as negative and positive |
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| tissues and organs of the thoracic cavity that form a septum between the lungs |
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| refers to all the physical and chemical changes that occur within body |
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| a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates an action to return a system to its reference or set point (example: blood pressure regulation, body temp, blood sugar regulation, water and electrolyte distribution, acid base balance) |
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| to study the individual organs or the body as a whole, it is often subdivided into smaller segments |
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| a plane or section that divides a structure into right and left portions (longitudinal) |
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| a plane or section that divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions (latitudinal) |
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| a plane that divides a structure into superior and inferior portions |
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| a mechanism in which initiating a stimulus causes more of the same action, that is: moving further away from the set point. Instead of opposing a change to return it to normal, positive feedback reinforces the change until some other force stops the process as seen in the breathing process (example: irreversible shock, nerve action potential involving sodium influx, parturition-secretion of estrogen and progesterone and the birthing process) |
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| used to describe the body lying in a horizontal position facing downward |
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| used to describe the body lying in a horizontal position facing upward |
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| among the more comon observations made by physicians and nurses working with patients. Assessment of vital signs includes measuring body temperature and blood pressure and monitoring rates and types of pulse and breathing movements. There is a close relationship between these signs and the characteristics of life, since vital signs are the results of metabolic activities. |
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| cells...tissues(group of like cells and their intercellular substances functioning together to perform a specialized activity)...organs(structures composed of different tissues working together to perform a particular function)...organ system(group of organs working together to perform a particular function)...organism(a group of organ systems which function together as a unit) |
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Definition
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive |
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| the space between the diaphragm and the lower portion of the trunk of the body. contains the abdominal and pelvic organs (DIVIDED INTO NINE REGIONS) |
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| skin, hair, nails, sense receptors, sweat glands, sebaceous glands |
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| support and movement-bones and joints (ligaments and cartilages) |
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| support and movement-muscles |
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| Integration and Coordination-brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs |
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Integration and Coordination-all of the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones
pituitary gland
pineal gland
hypothalamus
thyroid gland
parathyroid
thymus
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes |
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| Transport-heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood |
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| Transport-lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, thymus gland, spleen |
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| Absorption and Excretion-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
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Absorption and Excretion-
Primary-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anal canal
Accessory-teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix |
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| Absorption and Excretion-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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| Reproductive System (MALE) |
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Definition
Gonads-testes
Genital Ducts-vas deferens, urethra
Accessory Organs-prostate gland
Genitalia-scrotum, penis |
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| Reproductive System (FEMALE) |
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Definition
gonads-ovaries
accessory organs-uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina
genitalia-vulva
mammory glands |
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| Axial region- head, neck, torso or trunk |
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| Major Body Cavities and Organs |
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| Two major body cavities-dorsal and ventral |
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Definition
cranial cavity-houses brain
spinal cavity (vertebral canal)-houses the spinal cord |
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contents usually collectively call viscera
Thoracic Cavity-
pleural cavity surrounds lungs
mediastinum is the broad middle portion between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebrae;includes heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea
pericardial cavity contains the heart |
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| Serous Membrane (two layers) |
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Definition
-two distinct layers of tissue:
-epithelial sheet is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium
-connective tissue layer forms a very thin, gluelike basement membrane that holds and supports the epithelial cells |
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| serous membrane that covers the surface of the lung |
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| the membrane lining the wall of the pleural cavity |
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-lined by a double layer of serous membrane
-parietal pericardium lined the wall of the pericardial cavity
-visceral pericardium (also called the epicardium) adheres to the heart |
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| Pericaridal Cavity-abdominal |
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-The abdominal cavity is lined by serous membranes called the:
-parietal peritoneum: lines the walls of abdominal cavity
-visceral peritoneum: covers the abdominopelvic organs and constitues their serosa layer |
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