Term
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Definition
| use of chemical messengers to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue. |
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Term
| long term processes of the endocrine system |
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Definition
| growth, development, reproduction etc. |
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Term
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Definition
The activity of hormones in coordinating
cellular activities in tissues in distant portions of the
body |
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Term
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Definition
| thru gap junctions- cell to cell |
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Term
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Definition
| across synaptic clefts using neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothalmus, pituitary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, para thyroid glands. |
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Term
| amino acid derived hormones |
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Definition
synthesized from tyrosine and tryptophan.
Include thyroid hormone, epi and norepi, dopamine, melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 groups- glycoproteins & short polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
eicosanoids- leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins.
steroid hormones--- |
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Term
| freely circulating hormone |
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Definition
remains functional for less than
one hour, and sometimes for as little as two minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| bound to carrier protein and remain in blood for a long time. |
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Term
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Definition
process in which the presence
of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone
receptors. In down-regulation, when levels of a particular
hormone are high, cells become less sensitive to it |
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Term
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Definition
process in which the absence of a hormone
triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors. In upregulation,
when levels of a particular hormone are low, cells
become more sensitive to it |
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Term
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Definition
The link between the first messenger and the second messenger
generally involves a G protein, an enzyme complex coupled
to a membrane receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
A non lipid soluble hormone must bind to receptors
in the plasma membrane & cannot directly affect the activities
inside the target cell. signals the 2nd messenger |
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Term
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Definition
in cytoplasm. second
messenger may act as an enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor.
most common are (1) cyclic-AMP
(cAMP), a derivative of ATP; (2) cyclic-GMP (cGMP), a derivative
of GTP, another high-energy compound; and (3) calcium ions |
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Term
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Definition
are the functional counterparts of neural
reflexes. In most cases, negative feedback
controls endocrine reflexes: A stimulus triggers the production
of a hormone, and the direct or indirect effects of the hormone
reduce the intensity of the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| 9 important peptide hormones- all 9 use cAMP as a 2nd messenger. |
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Term
| hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
Portal systems are an efficient means of chemical communication.
This one ensures that all the hypothalamic hormones
entering the portal vessels reach the target cells in the anterior
lobe before being diluted through mixing with the general circulation |
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Term
| hypothalamic control of the anterior lobe |
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Definition
releasing hormone (RH)- stimulates the secretion and synthesis of hormones
inhibiting hormone prevents the synthesis and secretion of hormones.
negative feedback controls the rate at which the hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones. |
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Term
| hormones of the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH,(hypothalamic control)
MSH-(pars intermedia) |
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Term
| hormones of the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
| OXT, ADH- direct release of hormones |
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Term
| formation of thyroid hormones |
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Definition
I- ions are absorbed from the diet & diffused into the follicle cell.
I- becomes I+ and combines with thyroglobulin and tyrosine and other amino acids to become thyroglobulin containing T3 and T4(in follicle cavity)
endocytosis back into the follicle cell and T4 and T3 are separated out by lysosomal enzymes and diffuse back into the capillary and the blood where they attach to TBGs, TBPA or albumin |
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Term
| what do thyroid hormones do? |
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Definition
| increase cellular metabolic rate, causing the calorgenic effect. |
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Term
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Definition
produce calcitonin which is released in direct response to high calcium in blood.
it inhibits osteo clasts and stimulates excretion of calcium by the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to low calcium by increasing reabsorbtion, releasing calcium from bones, |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
zona glomerulosa- mineralcorticoids(aldosterone)
zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids(cortisol)
zona reticularis- androgens |
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Term
| alpha cells of the pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
38 C (100.4F)
5x more viscus than water
pH between 7.35-7.45 |
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Term
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Definition
60% of plasma proteins contribute to osmotic pressure of plasma
transport fatty acids thyroid hormones and some steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies, immunoglobins and transport globulins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1 mm^3 contains :
4.5-6.3 million RBCs in adult males
4.2-5.5 million RBCs in adult females |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| attack objects that are coated with antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulate in damaged tissues where they discharge histamines and heparin |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytic cells- engulf debris and pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| most diverse. responsible for resistance against viruses and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to basophils and mast cells. important in allergic response |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st antibody secretedafter an antigen is encountered. 5 antibody starburst |
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Term
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Definition
| diaphragm and the external intercostals |
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Term
| pH rises curve shifts to the |
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Definition
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Term
| temperature rises curve shifts to the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| secrete intrinsic factor, and hcl |
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Term
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Definition
| sectere pepsinogen( converts to pepsin in the gastric lumen |
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Term
| 90% of nutrient absorption happens in the______________ |
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Definition
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