Term
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Definition
A wave of electrical excitation proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus that triggers it. The graded potential declines in magnitudes as it travels along a nerve fiber.
Will fade with distance |
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Term
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Definition
An action potential is an all or nothing phenominon. Once initiated, it propagates without decrement along the nerve fiber. Action potentials are often used in long distance signaling in the nervous system
Does not fade with time |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| Cabbot get an action potential |
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Term
| Relative refractory period |
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Definition
| The channels are still open (k+ is leaking out) making it harder to get an action potential but it is still possible |
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Term
| Action potential depolarization |
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Definition
Inward movement of sodium via voltage-gate channels
Channels will close spontaneously |
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Term
| Action potential repolarizing |
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Definition
Outward movement of potassium via k+ volt age gated channels
Gates close when resting potential is restored |
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Term
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Definition
The myelin sheath is zoomed by a neuroglial cell that is separately wrapped around a nerve fiber.
In the Perphrial nervous system, the neuroglial cell is a Schwann cell |
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Term
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Definition
The myelin sheath is formed by a neuroglial cell that is separately wrapped around a nerve fiber.
The boundaries between them Are nodes of ranvier |
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Term
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Definition
The myelin sheath is formed by a neuroglial cell that is separately wrapped around a nerve fiber.
In the central nervous system the neuroglial cells are oligodendroglial cells |
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Term
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Definition
Pass nutrients between blood capillary and neurons.
Provide physical support for neuron by wrapping around blood vessels and neurons to anchors them to blood vessels, guiding the formation of young neurons and adjust the chemical environment |
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Definition
"clean up crew"
Phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Line the central canal of the brain and spinal cord
Help circulate cerebral spinal fluid via cilia |
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Term
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Definition
The transport towards axon terminals
They would move: some enzymes, mitochondria and some cytoskeletal parts |
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Term
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Definition
Carry things away from axon terminals
Organelles for degradation would move this way
Polio reaches the cell body as a motor neuron this way (potentially destroying the cell body) |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in our perception of the outside world
Neves carrying information from the tissue to the central nervous system are sensory neurons
Afferent |
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Term
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Definition
Neves carrying information away from the central nervous system to effectors are motor neurons
Efferent |
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Term
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Definition
Happen between sensory neurons and motor neurons
Have the ability to change the message a little |
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Term
Electrical synapse happen at ?
What direction? |
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Definition
Gap junctions
Bidirectional |
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Term
Chemical synapse happens where?
Direction? |
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Definition
Neuromuscular junction
Unidirectional |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitatory post-synaptic potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory post synaptic potential |
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Term
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Definition
Petaining to ACh
Vasodialator |
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Term
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Definition
Epinephrine and NOrpinephrine (vasoconstrictors)
Dopamine
GABA
Saratonin |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with locomotion and reward in mammals
Deficient in Parkinson's disease
Adrenergic |
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Term
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Definition
Gamma amino butyric acid
Inhibitory in vertebrates in central nervous system
Adrenergic |
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Term
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Definition
At synapse involved in sleep, pain, food intake
Adrenergic |
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Term
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Definition
Control centers for respiration, circulation, intestinal motility
Mot ancient |
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Term
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Definition
All vertebrate except agnathans have this
Maintains balance and coordinates skilled voluntary muscle activity |
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Term
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Definition
Forebrain
Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus |
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Term
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Definition
Relay station for sensory input and motor output
Involved in memory processing |
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Term
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Definition
Integrating centers for autonomic nervous system
Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, biological rhythms
Regulates the anterior puitary and produces oxytocin and ADH
(anti diuretic hormone) |
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Definition
| Includes basal nuclei and cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| Coordination of slow, sustained movement |
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Definition
| Voluntary movement, sensory perception, thinking, memory, language |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| What happens when one is knocked in the knee& you kick |
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Term
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Definition
Three tunics
1. Fibrous tunic: sclera & cornea
2. Vascular tunic: choroid, ciliary body, and iris
3. Sensory tunic: retina |
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Definition
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Definition
| Ee clear part you see through |
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Definition
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Definition
| Connected to ligaments to lens- smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pigment epithelium, neural area |
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Term
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Definition
Rods, grey version
Cones, colors perceived by fovea centralis |
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Definition
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Definition
| Fish, turtles, izards, birds |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Visual pigment,
Opsin is the protein
Retinal is the light absorbing molecule derived from vitamin a |
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Term
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Definition
| Light absorbing molecule derived from vitamin a |
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Term
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Definition
Eye protein
Allow different wavelengths depending on sensitivity of structure |
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Term
| Excitation of rods light phase |
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Definition
Rhodopsin. Reams down into all- trans retinal + Opsin
Bleaching of the pigment |
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Term
Excitation of rods
Dark phase |
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Definition
| All-trans retinal converts to 11-cis |
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Term
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Definition
| Sund waves vibrate tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones transmit vibration to inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Cochlea contains the organ of corti, the sense organ of hearing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Allows animals to see in lower light |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to bone filled with myofibrils |
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Term
| Each myofibril is composed of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of muscle fibers grouped together |
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Term
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Definition
| Wraps around groups of fascicles |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of muscle fibers grouped together |
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Term
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Definition
Surrounds skeletal cells
Cell walls- kinda |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm of muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
Actin
G- actin has myosin binding site |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Troponin complex
Wich changes the shape when calcium binds to " troponin c" |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
In cardiac muscles
Have desmosomes and gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Sliding filament
Mechanism of action |
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Definition
Released calcium binds to calmodulin
Calcium-calmodulin complex activates kinase
Kinase adds a phosphate group from ATP to myosin head
Activated myosin binds to actin
Thick and thin filaments slide
Contraction
Muscle relaxes upon removal of calcium |
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Term
Smooth muscle
Mechanism of action |
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Definition
Calcium increases and binds to calmodulin
Calcium-calmodulin complex binds to caldesmon
Caldesmon- actin bond is weakened
Cross- bridges |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Same tension
Depends on sarcomere length |
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Term
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Definition
Isotonic contraction
Muscle shortens and reduces the angle at the joint |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle length
Isotonic contraction |
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Term
| Source of ATP for skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Depends on aerobic system
Can use lactic acid waste from skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of secretion that affect neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of secretion that affects neighboring cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Released onto epithelium via a duct |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of secretion released into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking away in experiment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Epinephrine
NOrpinephrine
Thyroid
Melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes
Derivitives of arachidonic acid |
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Term
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Definition
Testosterone and estrogen
Derivites of cholesterol |
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Term
| Peptide and protein hormones |
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Definition
Insulin and GH
Derivitaves of amino acids
Largest number of hormones |
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Term
| Hormones causes changes in target cells |
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Definition
Pasma membrane permeability
Protein synthesis
Enzyme activity
Secretory activity
Mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone acts on endocrine tissue to decrease secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Down stream product acts on endocrine tissue to decrease secretions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Malanocyte stimulating hormone found in pars intermedia of anterior puitary
Involved in color change |
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Term
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Definition
Posterior puitary hormone
Smooth muscle contraction in uterus
Milk letdown |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior puitary hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate secretion of another hormone |
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Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropid hormone |
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Definition
| Outside of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
Stimulate ovarian follicle
Where egg is developed
Tropic |
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Term
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Definition
Tropic hormone
Has an effect of the corpus luteum |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates developmental growth of another hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior puititary hormone |
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Term
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Definition
GH, somatotropin, and somatotrophin
Anterior puitaraty hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Noripinephrine and epinephrine
From adrenal medulla, target most tissues
Release in response to sympathetic stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
Cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
Steroids
From adrenal cortex |
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