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| What are the 4 basic concepts of cell theory? |
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1. cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
2. Cells are the smallest functioning units of life
3. Cells are produced through the division of pre-exitsting cells.
4. Each cell maintains homeostasis |
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| A cell is surrounded by what fluid? |
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| Extracellular fluid is cells is sometimes called what? |
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| What is the general term for the material inside the cell? |
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| The cell membrane general functions are? |
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| Physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, structural support |
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| The cell membrane is extrememly thin and delicate, and ranges from 6 nm to 10 nm in thickness. This membrane contains what in the actual membrane? |
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| lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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| The permeability of the cell membrane determines what? |
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| Precisely which substances can enter or leace the cytoplasm |
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| What is the difference between passive process and active process movements across the membrane? |
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| passive requires no energy expenditure by the cell |
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| It is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentration (many collisions) to an area of relatively low concentration of collisions. |
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| The diffusion of water across a membrane toward a solution that contains relatively higher solute concentration; requires selectively permeable membrane |
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| Three characteristics of osmosis to remember are? |
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| Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane |
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| something standing between |
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| What is an isotonic solution? |
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| it is one that does not cause a net movement of water into or out of a cell. |
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| a substance dissolved in fluid, forming a solution |
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| What is a hypotonic solution? |
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| it allows water to flow into the cell which will cause it to swell up like a balloon and eventually burst, which is called hemolysis |
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| What is a hypertonic solution? |
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| It loses water by osmosis causing the cell to shrivel and dehydrate. The shrinking of red blood cells is called crenation |
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| What is a major function of exchange pumps? |
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| to maintain cell homeostasis |
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| What are the principle ions in body fluids? |
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| What happens in a carrier-mediated transport? |
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| A membrane protein binds specific ions or organic substances and carry them across the cell membrane |
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| What happens in vesicular transport? |
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| materials move into or out of the cell in vesicles |
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| What are the two types of vesicular transport? |
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| endocytosis and exocytosis |
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| it is the packaging of extracellular materials in a vesicle at the cell surface for import INTO the cell. |
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| There are 3 tyes of endocytosis, what are they? |
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| What happens in the process of exocytosis? |
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| a vesicle created INSIDE the cell fuses with th e cell membrane and discharges its contents into the extracellular environment |
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| What happens in facilitated diffusion? |
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| carrier proteins passively transport solutes down a concentration gradient |
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| Movement of water, ususally with solute, by hydrostatic pressure; requires filtration membrane |
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| What are the 2 carrier mediated transports examples? |
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| facilitated diffusion and active transport |
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| What is active transport? |
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| carrier proteins actively transport solutes regardless of any concetration gradients |
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| What are the 2 examples of vesicular transport? |
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| endocytosis and exocytosis |
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| the ATP-dependent absorption or excretion of solutes across a cell membrane |
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| stores information in its DNA for specific proteins |
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| the material between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane |
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| passive molecular movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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| the movement of relatively large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm via the formation of a membranous vesicle at the cell surface; includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
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| a network of membranous channels in the cytoplasm of a cell that function in intracellular transport, synthesis, storage, packaging, and secretion. |
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| the ejection of cytoplasmic materials by fusion of a membranous vesicle with the cell membrane |
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| a portion of DNA nucleotide chain that functions as a hereditary unit, and is found at a particular location on a specific chromosome, and codes for a specific protein |
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| cellular organelle consisting of a series of membranous plates that gives rise to lysosomes and secretory vesicles |
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| small organelles that provide energy to the cells. |
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| the division of a single cell that produces two identical cells; the primary mechanism of tissue growth |
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| the control center for cellular operations; stores all the information needed to control the synthesis of more than 400,000 different proteins in the human body; determines both the structure and the function by controlling which proteins are made, in what circumstances and in what amounts. |
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| internal structures that perform specific functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance and metabolism. |
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| the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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| or "cell eating"; the engulfing of extracellular materials into the cytoplasm by enclosure in a membranous vesicle |
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| a process divided by transcription and translation using information carried by the RNA molecule |
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| organelles of protein synthesis located in the cytoplasm |
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| the assembling of a protein by ribosomes; occurs in the cytoplasm |
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| the production of RNA from a single strand of DNA; occurs in the nucleus |
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| or neoplasm; a mass or swelling produced by abnormal cell growth and division. |
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