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| vreactions that break down complex molecules into two or more smaller ones with the release of energy |
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enlargement of an organ attributable to an increase in the size of the individual constituent cells
independant of the body's general growth. |
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a substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen (OH-) ions or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions;
a proton acceptor;
a substance with a pH greater than 7.0 |
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Cell of the nervous system, specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals (action potentials and graded potentials)
nerve cell, including its processes; conducting cell of nervous tissue |
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| a malignant growth derived from epithelial cells |
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| loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type; characteristic of malignancies |
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divides the body into anterior & posterior portions (perpendicular to both the sagittal & transverse planes);
sometimes called the coronal plane |
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| removal and microscopic examination of body tissue via needles, syringes, and chemical analysis |
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| a sudden & widespread outbreak of a disease within a given population |
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| (OP) patient that recieves patient care out of the hospital |
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| benign tumor formed of muscle tissue |
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| (-plasm)Anything that occupies space and has mass |
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| (vs or VS)blood pressure, temperature, respirations, heart rate, blood sugar, oxygen level |
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| a congenital disorder of connective tissue characterized by abnormal length of the extremities & cardiovascular abnormalities |
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| (ng) One billionth of a gram |
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| sweetness, sugar, glucose |
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| Toward or at the back of the body |
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| vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts |
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| conversion of one cell type into another cell type |
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| an infection acquired from the place of treatment |
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| found in a specific population or particular region of the world. The term is usually used to refer to a disease that occurs continuously or with a stable baseline incidence within a locale or a group of people. |
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| a malignant growth derived from connective tissue cells |
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| any new or abnormal growth; a tumor |
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| a condition caused by a deficiency of ascorbic acid because vitamin C has been discontinued in the diet, which results in abnormal collagen synthesis. |
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| benign epithelial tumor; may occur on any epithelial surface or lining |
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| posterior region between hip bones |
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| diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane |
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| evidence of disease, such as pain or headache, that can only be observed or evaluated by the patient |
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| fluid in which substances dissolve |
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| cell drinking; a form of endocytosis in which fluid droplets are taken into the cell |
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| a part is below another part, or closer to the feet |
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| chemical bond that is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
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| immune cells that function to detect foriegn substanses against them; typically found clustered deep to an epithelium or along blood vessels. |
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| the smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element. Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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| Activities of daily living |
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| strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen. Most abundant of the three fibers |
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| condition or disease that is caused by a defective gene and may appear at any time in life; also called a "hereditary disorder" |
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| evidence of disease, such as fever, that can be observed, measured, or evaluated by someone other than the patient |
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| group of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function. epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous are the primary.... |
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| naval; middle region of abdomen |
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a substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen (OH-) ions or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions;
a proton acceptor;
a substance with a pH greater than 7.0 |
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| type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number found in a body cell; results in the formation of an egg or sperm |
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| a part is further away from a point of attachment than is another part |
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| an abnormal condition that is present at birth and continues to exist from the time of birth |
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| simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means |
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| name of a disease, structure, operation or procedure that is based on the name of an individual, usually the person who discovered or described it first |
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| the spread of a cancer from one body part or organ into another not directly connected to it. |
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| portion of lower extremity between knee & foot; also called crural region |
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| electron with a positive or negative electric charge. |
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a particle composed of two or more atoms that are chemically bound together;
smallest unit of a compound |
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yellow connective tissue fibers that are not particularly stong, but can be stretched & will return to their normal shape when released
A fiber formed from the protien elastin, which gives a rubbery & resilient quality to the matrix of connective tissue. |
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| systemic lupus erythematous |
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| chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by injury to the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, & mucous membranes, but can affect any organ of the body |
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| branch of microscopic anatomy that studies tissues |
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| depressed region between abdomen & thigh; groin |
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| chest; part of trunk inferior to neck and superior to diaphragm |
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| a disorder in which there are no detectable physical changes to explain the symptoms |
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| building up, or synthesis, reactions that require energy & make complex molecules from smaller ones |
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| a substance that is dissolved ina solution |
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| membrane transport process that does not require energy |
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| downward displacement, fall, sag |
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| consists of the head, neck & trunk (or torso, which includes the thorax, abdomen & pelvis) |
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| located on or ear the surface |
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| wasting away; a decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part |
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| region of lower back & side between lowest rib & pelvis |
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| death of cells or group of cells |
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| benign tumors derived from fat cells |
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a negatively charged ion
(gains an electron) |
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| (DNA)a nucleic acid found in all living cells; carries organisms hrreditary information |
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| (vas-)a tube, duct, or canal to convey the fluids of the body |
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| (CHO) organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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horizontal plane (perpendicular to the sagittal plane) that cuts across the body horizontally to divide it into superior & inferior portions;
sections cut this way are often called cross sections |
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| to move away from the midline of the body |
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| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked |
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Definition
| process by which the products of digestion passt through the alimentary tube mucosa into the blood or lymph |
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| accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| organs that contribute to the digestive processbut are not part of the alimentary canal, include the tongue, teeth. salivary glands, pancreas, liver. |
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| the process of increasing the refractive power of the lens of the eye; focusing |
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Definition
| cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that recieves the femur. |
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Term
| acetylcholinesterase (AChE) |
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Definition
| enzyme present at the neuromuscular junction and synapses that degrades acetylcholine and terminates its action. |
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Term
| achilles tendon or calcaneal tendon |
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Definition
| tendon that attaches the calf muscle to the heel bone. |
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Definition
| a substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution(compare with base) a proton donor |
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Definition
| situation in which the pH of the blood is maintaned between 7.35 and 7.45 |
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| state of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid |
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Definition
| a contractile protien of muscle |
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Definition
| a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber. |
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Definition
| the amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level neccessary for action |
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Definition
| immunity produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunilogical memory |
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| region on the surface of a functional (globular) protien where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge |
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| active transport processes |
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Definition
| 1. membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. 2. This also refers specifically to solute pumping |
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Definition
| studies the structure of body parts and their relationshipa to one another. it is concrete. Body structures can be felt, seen and examined closely. |
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Definition
| the function of the body. How the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. |
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| gross or macroscopic anatomy |
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Definition
| study of large body structures visile to the naked eye. The heart, lungs and kidneys. |
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Definition
| all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves etc...) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time. |
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Definition
| body structure is studied system by system. |
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Definition
| study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. |
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Definition
| structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
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Definition
| subdivision of microscopic anatomy, chich considers the cells of the body |
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Definition
| traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. |
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Definition
| a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth. |
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Definition
| studies structural changes caused by disease |
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Definition
| studies internal structures as a visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures. |
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Definition
| the structure of biological molecules (chemical substances) is investicated. |
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Definition
| feeling organs with your hands |
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Definition
| listening to organ sounds with a microscope |
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| concerns kidney function and urine production |
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Definition
| explains the workings of the nervous system |
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| cardiovascular physiology |
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Definition
| examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels |
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| principle of complementarity of structure and function |
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Definition
| although it is possible to studt anatomy and physiology individually, they are really inseperable because function always reflects structure. that is, what a structure can do depends on its specific form. |
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Term
| levels of structural organization |
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Definition
| chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest level of the structural organization. Atoms, timy building blocks of matter, combnie to form molecules such as water and proteins. Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form organelles, basic components of the microscopic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells are the smalles units of living things. All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body. The simplest living creatures are single cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| in complex organisms such as human beings. A group of similar cells that have a common function. |
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Term
| four basic tissue types in the human body are |
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Definition
| epithelium tissue covers the body surface and lines its cavities, muscle tissue provides movement, connective tissue supports and protects body organs, and nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses. |
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Definition
| a discrete structure composed of atleast two tissue types (four is more common)that performs a specific function for the body. Each organ of the body as a specializedfunctional center responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform. |
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Definition
| extremely complex functions become possible. |
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Definition
| organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose. |
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Definition
| represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive. |
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Definition
| the highest level of organization is..., the living human being. |
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Definition
| The region of the myofribil’s striation that has the darker appearance; also called the dark band. Alternates with the light regions (I bands). The A band corresponds to the length of the thick filaments. |
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Definition
| The portion of the large descending aorta that begins inferior to the muscular diaphragm and ends at the division into the common iliac arteries. |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| The period of time following an action potential when an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential no matter how large a stimulus it receives. |
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Term
| Acetyl CoA or Acetyl coenzyme A |
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Definition
| a product of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism that enters the Krebs cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter released by neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles, some neurons of autonomic nervous system (including parasympathetic postganglionic fibers), and some neurons in the brain. |
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Definition
| An enzyme located in the synaptic cleft that rapidly degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In muscle cells, the immediate breakdown of acetylcholine prevents repetitive stimulation of the motor end plate in the absence of action potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic cell that produces enzyme-rich juice, an exocrine product. |
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Term
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Definition
| A histological term referring to a blind pocket, pouch, or sac. The acini in the pancreas are clusters of secretory cells surrounding ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ion channels that can be opened or closed by gates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of immunity that involves B and T lymphocytes, is specific to one particular antigen, and has memory. Also called specific immunity. |
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Definition
| A disease causing destruction of the adrenal cortex and subsequent deficiency of adrenal cortical hormones. |
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Definition
| One of five major nitrogen-containing bases found in nucleic acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organic compound that contains ribose, a nitrogen base (adenine), and a phosphate group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary; the glandular part of the pituitary gland, and a small portion of the infundibulum. |
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Term
| Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) |
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Definition
| An adenine-containing nucleotide to which a phosphate group has been added. |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP, an organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy within the cell; composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane-bound enzyme that converts ATP to camp; activated by hormone-receptor interactions on the outer surface of the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine diphosphate, one of the products of ATP hydrolysis; composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer portion of adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired endocrine glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla. Cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Medulla secretes catecholamines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified sympathetic ganglion; the inner portion of the adrenal gland that produces catecholamines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (adrenaline). |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor that binds to norepinephrine or epinephrine. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| As used here, the metabolic processes that require the presence of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The renal arteriole branching from the cortical radiate artery and carrying blood into the glomerulus. Important in autoregulatory mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of attraction between a molecule and the substance it binds to. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most abundant plasma protein; functions to regulate the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic cell that secretes glucagon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pathway of complement activation of the innate immune system. Occurs in the absence of antibody or lectin binding, when C3b spontaneously forms and binds to pathogens lacking complement-pathway inhibitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elongated air passageway completely lined by alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The liquid film that coats the alveolar walls, composed primarily of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of alveoli that open into a common space. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin-walled air-filled sac in the lungs where gas exchange occurs (plural alveoli). |
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Term
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Definition
| Derivatives of single amino acids, either tyrosine or tryptophan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compounds containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building blocks of protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Digestive enzyme that removes one amino acid at a time from the amine end of a peptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid that surrounds and protects the developing fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism by which a small amount of hormone produces large numbers of product molecules inside a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Digestive enzyme that breaks down starch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| As used here, the metabolic processes that do not require the presence of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The last segment of the large intestine; it lies outside the abdominopelvic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction characterized by bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, edema, and cardiovascular collapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone with testosterone-like actions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A state in which a lymphocyte fails to respond to an antigen. Occurs when an antigen is encountered without co-stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A potent vasoconstrictor activated by renin; triggers release of aldosterone. |
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Term
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) |
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Definition
| Enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein molecule formed from angiotensinogen. Converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Part of renin-angiotensin mechanism, which increases blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule created by conversion of angiotensin I. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone; also a potent vasoconstrictor. Part of renin-angiotensin mechanism, which increases blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma globulin made by the liver that is converted to angiotensin I by renin. Part of renin-angiotensin mechanism, which increases blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Anterior interventricular artery |
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Definition
| Branch of left coronary artery; supplies oxygenated blood to interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell (a daughter cell of an activated B lymphocyte) and that binds specifically to an antigen. Also called an immunoglobulin. |
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|
Term
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| Posterior pituitary hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. Also called vasopressin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any molecule that binds to an antibody or a receptor of a B or T lymphocyte. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The portion of an antibody, or B or T lymphocyte antigen receptor, that binds to an antigen. Antibodies have two antigen binding sites at the ends of their arms. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Specialized cells that capture, process, and present antigens on their surface to T lymphocytes. Include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of an antigen that is actually bound by an antibody or lymphocyte antigen receptor. Most antigens have many antigenic determinants. Also called an epitope. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that can attack microorganisms (especially bacteria). |
|
|
Term
| Antiport transport protein |
|
Definition
| A membrane-bound protein that will transport one substance in one direction in exchange for another specific substance moved in the other direction using the energy of the concentration gradient of one of the substances. A form of secondary active transport. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A preparation of antibodies used therapeutically to neutralize the various toxic components of venoms from spiders, snakes, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The wider, more superior part of the pyloric region of the stomach. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Largest artery in the body; receives oxygen-rich blood from left ventricle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Arching portion of the aorta as it emerges from the heart. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Valve at entrance to the aorta; prevents backflow into left ventricle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A process of cellular suicide, also known as programmed cell death; eliminates cells that are unneeded, infected, or cancerous. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A blind wormlike tube attached to the cecum of the large intestine; it contains lymphoid tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The renal arteries that lie at the medulla-cortex junction. Together with the arcuate veins, they arch over the bases of the renal pyramids and give rise to the cortical radiate arteries. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The renal veins that lie at the medulla-cortex junction. Together with the arcuate arteries, they arch over the bases of the renal pyramids and drain into the interlobar veins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Smallest type of artery. Larger arterioles exhibit all three tunics but tunica media is mainly smooth muscle. Smallest arterioles consist of smooth muscle cells spiraling around tunica intima. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease of the arteries in which vessel walls calcify, becoming less flexible. Atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits called plaques accumulate in the artery wall, is a common form of arteriosclerosis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart; exposed to the highest pressures of any vessels; has thickest tunica media of any vessels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the colon extending from the cecum up the right side of the abdominal cavity to the right colic flexure. |
|
|
Term
| Ascending loop of Henle (thick segment) |
|
Definition
| The portion of the renal tubule loop that returns the filtrate back from the medulla toward the renal cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Happening at different times; not synchronous. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy within the cell; composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A cellular enzyme that binds to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and hydrolyzes ATP into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, liberating the energy within the high-energy phosphate bond. |
|
|
Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
|
Definition
| Peptide hormone from atria of the heart that regulates sodium and water excretion. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A disease characterized by the production of antibodies or effector T cells that attack a person’s own tissue; a failure of self-tolerance. |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
|
Definition
| The efferent portion of the peripheral nervous system which innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Addition of phosphate groups to a receptor molecule by another receptor molecule of the same type. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The automatic adjustment of blood flow within a localized region in response to its current tissue requirements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac cells localized in the intrinsic conduction system that initiate and distribute impulses to adjacent cells. Also known as nodal cells. |
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|
Term
| AV bundle, also known as bundle of His. |
|
Definition
| Autorhythmic cells located in the inferior part of the interatrial septum; the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles (AV = atrioventricular) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass of autorhythmic cells located in the inferior portion of the interatrial septum above the tricuspid valve (AV = atrioventricular); here, each impulse is delayed briefly, allowing atria to contract before ventricles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synapse between two axon terminals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synapse between an axon terminal and a dendrite. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A long, thin cytoplasmic process that extends from a neuron’s cell body. The axon may be insulated with myelin. Each neuron has a single axon, which transmits action potentials. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first portion, or initial segment, of the axon. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The swollen, distal end of an axon; contains a neurotransmitter substance within synaptic vesicles. Also called synaptic ending or synaptic bouton. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synapse between an axon terminal and the cell body (soma) of a neuron. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the two major classes of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity; when activated, B lymphocytes generate antibody-producing plasma cells, mediating humoral immunity. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The antigen receptor found on the surface B lymphocytes; a membrane-bound antibody molecule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Single-celled microorganisms larger than viruses; some are pathogens; can be found extracellularly or intracellularly. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure-sensitive mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in arterial pressure and stretch. Located in aortic arch, carotid sinus, and most large arteries of neck and thorax. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nonliving, adhesive material formed largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells; provides support to epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
|
Definition
| Rate at which energy is expended (heat produced) by the body per unit time under controlled (basal) conditions: 12 hours after a meal, at rest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deep nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres that function in control of movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lower attached surface of an epithelium. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Extracellular material found between an epithelium and connective tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical substances that accept hydrogen ion (H+). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The entire combined portion of the renal cell’s plasma membrane, which lies in contact with the interstitial space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A white blood cell whose granules stain blue with basic dye. The granules contain histamine and other inflammatory mediators. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The ion HCO3–; an important base in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solution containing the ion HCO3–. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greenish-yellow or brownish fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and released into the small intestine. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Steroid derivatives in bile; responsible for the emulsification of ingested lipids. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The major bile pigment; a breakdown product of heme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specific region on a protein to which another molecule becomes attracted and attaches. Also called a receptor site. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The force that blood exerts against blood vessel walls. Expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), e.g., a blood pressure of 120 mm Hg = pressure exerted by a column of mercury 120 mm high. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The mid portion of the stomach continuous inferiorly with the funnel-shaped pyloric region. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The change in hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen in response to changes in pH. By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rounded mass of food prepared by the mouth for swallowing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue found within the cavities of bones. Red bone marrow is the site of formation of all the cellular elements of blood, including many immune cells, and is the site of B cell maturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container. Increasing the volume of a container decreases the pressure. Decreasing the volume of a container increases the pressure. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, a unique compound that binds reversibly with hemoglobin. It is produced by red blood cells as they break down glucose by the anaerobic process called glycolysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The branching network of airways, from the main bronchi through the terminal bronchioles, that conducts air within each lung. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A very small air passage without supporting cartilage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name given to microvilli covering the luminal surface of intestinal and renal tubule epithelia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule that have extensive microvilli on their luminal surfaces. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestive enzymes produced by cells of the small intestine and inserted into the plasma membrane of microvilli. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical substance or a system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of fluids and molecules, ions or other particles contained in the fluid in one direction due to pressure differences. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Two branches resulting from splitting of the AV bundle; conveys impulses down the interventricular septum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two branches resulting from splitting of the AV bundle; conveys impulses down the interventricular septum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid cells that secrete calcitonin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormone released by the thyroid gland that promotes a decrease in calcium levels of the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The active form of Vitamin D which promotes absorption of dietary calcium in the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport protein in plasma membrane of autorhythmic cell that allows explosive entry of calcium (Ca2+) from extracellular space; channel is voltage-gated, opening and closing in response to specific voltage levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium atoms with two positive charges; concentrated in the extracellular fluid and terminal cisternae, but then enter cytosol where they play an important role in many processes such as muscle contraction and the release of neurotransmitters. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Calcium-binding protein that mediates intracellular effects of calcium ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smallest type of blood vessel; capillary walls consist only of thin tunica intima, which allows for exchanges of materials between blood and tissue cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Interweaving network of capillaries; consists of (1) a shunt that connects the arteriole and venule and (2) true capillaries, where exchanges take place between blood and tissue cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The region within the glomerular capsule that collects the filtrate being forced out of the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The form of hemoglobin which is bound to carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid in a reversible reaction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Digestive enzyme that removes one amino acid at a time from the carboxyl end of a peptide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The region of the stomach surrounding the opening through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus. Also called cardiac region. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle tissue found in the wall of the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bundle of contractile myofilaments (myosin and actin); varies in diameter; branches extensively. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| In medicine, a key finding made by observing a patient. For example, there are four cardinal signs of inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| Cardioacceleratory center (sympathetic) |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic cardiac center located in the medulla oblongata; accelerates heart rate and force of contraction. |
|
|
Term
| Cardioinhibitory center (parasympathetic) |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic cardiac center located in the medulla oblongata; inhibits heart rate. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Large arteries leading to the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dilation in internal carotid arteries, the arteries that provide the major blood supply to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Carrier-mediated transport |
|
Definition
| Transport of ions or organic substances across the cell membrane by integral proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A generic term for a transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane that transports substances across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tough, flexible, supporting connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sequential process in which the products of one reaction bring about the next reaction. Examples include the blood clotting cascade and the complement cascade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of organic compound that contains a benzene ring structure and an amine group. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are catecholamines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A positively charged ion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abbreviation for “Cubic centimeter”; a standard measure of volume used for syringes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell-surface protein on a T lymphocyte that acts as a co-receptor for MHC II. Its presence characterizes one of the two major classes of T lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two major classes of T lymphocytes, characterized by the presence of the cell-surface protein CD4. Naive CD4 cells give rise to helper T cells and regulatory T cells, which continue to express CD4. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two major classes of T lymphocytes, characterized by the presence of the cell-surface protein, CD8. Naive CD8 cells give rise to cytotoxic T cells, which continue to express CD8. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The blind-end pouch that lies below the ileocecal sphincter at the beginning of the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
|
Definition
| Cell-surface proteins such as selectins and integrins that bind cells together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the neuron containing the nucleus and organelles; also called the soma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell-mediated immunity and Cellular immunity |
|
Definition
| The branch of adaptive immunity involving T lymphocytes that directly attack infected, cancerous, or transplanted cells, or that release chemicals which regulate other functions of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
Definition
| The brain and spinal cord. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The earliest phase of reflexes that control GI secretions; the meal is not yet ingested and receptors for these reflexes are in the head. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The brain region most involved in producing smooth coordinated skeletal muscle activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer layer of neurons that forms the covering of the cerebral hemispheres. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma-like fluid within the brain ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space surrounding both the brain and spinal cord. It circulates in and around the brain and the spinal cord to protect and nourish the central nervous system. Abbreviated as CSF. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane that provides an opening for ions to pass through the membrane by passive transport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein bound to an intracellular hormone receptor that seems to prevent unbound receptors from binding to DNA and may protect the receptor from proteolysis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances. When the bonds are broken, the energy is released. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A synapse formed by an axon terminal and neuronal cell membrane. A neurotransmitter conveys the signal from the axon terminal to the neuronal cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Chemically gated channels |
|
Definition
| Ion channels with gates that open or close when a neurotransmitter binds to them. |
|
|
Term
| Chemically gated ion channels |
|
Definition
| Integral proteins in cell membranes that serve as ion channels. When a specific chemical binds to the receptor site on the protein, the protein changes shape, opens the channel, and allows certain ions to move from one side of the membrane to the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory receptors that respond to changes in various dissolved chemicals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that, in a concentration gradient, guides the movement of cells. For example, many of the inflammatory mediators act as chemotaxins to attract phagocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of a cell up or down a chemical gradient. For example, phagocytes following a gradient of inflammatory mediators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell of the stomach that secretes pepsinogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An intestinal hormone that stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic juice release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steroid made by the liver; building block for steroid hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with acetylcholine (ACh). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cords (“heart strings”) that anchor AV valve flaps to the papillary muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretory vesicles in the cells of the adrenal medulla; site of synthesis and storage of epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively large droplets that may contain triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in association with proteins; synthesized and released by intestinal cells and transported to the venous blood by the lymphatic system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Semifluid, creamy mass consisting of partially digested food and gastric juice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestive enzyme that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A biological variation or rhythm with a cycle of about 24 hours. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A circular layer of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the GI tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Krebs cycle, a major metabolic pathway within the mitochondrion that yields carbon dioxide, small amounts of ATP, and reduced coenzymes that enter the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symbol for the chloride ion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell-surface molecules that usually display antigens originating in the cytoplasm of a cell to CD8 T lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell-surface molecules that display antigens originating outside the cell to CD4 T lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pathway of complement activation of the adaptive immune system. Occurs when antibodies bind to pathogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gap between capillary endothelial cells just large enough to allow limited passage of fluids and small solutes between capillaries and tissue cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elimination, by programmed cell death during their development, of immature B and T lymphocytes that bind self-antigens. A mechanism of immune tolerance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The antigen-induced series of cell divisions of a lymphocyte that precedes generation of effector cells specific for the triggering antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which antigens select only those naive lymphocytes with matching preexisting receptors, triggering their proliferation and differentiation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descendants of a single cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins and other chemicals that are involved in blood clot formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive ions or organic molecules which are required for the activity of some enzymes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strong connective tissue fibers made of the fibrous protein collagen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tubules that collect filtrate from several nephrons. An important site for regulated sodium and water reabsorption into the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The osmotic effect due to the presence of protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large particles, such as proteins, which are dispersed in a body fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid) |
|
Definition
| Longest region of the large intestine; includes ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells that are tall and column shaped. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An epithelium formed by columnar cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mechanism for adjusting to an abnormal condition. |
|
|
Term
| Complement or Complement system |
|
Definition
| A set of plasma proteins, many acting as enzymes in a sequence to produce inflammatory mediators, enhancers of phagocytosis, and cell lytic proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition in which rapid multiple stimulations cause the contraction/relaxation cycles to fuse into a total contraction without evidence of any cyclical relaxation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference in the concentration of a particular substance between two adjacent areas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The airways, from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles, which conduct air to the respiratory zones of the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The speed with which an action potential is propagated along an axon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As used here, the shape of a transport protein. |
|
|
Term
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) |
|
Definition
| Condition in which the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissues of the body characterized by widely spaced cells with large amounts of intercellular matrix. The functions of these tissues vary considerably; generally, they serve to support, bind, insulate, transport, and provide storage. |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue wrappings |
|
Definition
| The various layers of connective tissues surrounding the muscle cells, fascicles, and whole muscle. They are noncontractile structures that bind the contractile structures into a functioning unit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell of the heart that contracts in response to an action potential. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contractile strength of heart muscle; an increased contractility results in increased force of contraction at any give amount of muscle fiber stretch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the components of homeostatic control mechanisms; determines the normal range within which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the input it receives and then determines the appropriate response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vessel that collects oxygen-poor blood from cardiac veins; it empties blood into the right atrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovarian structure that produces estrogen and progesterone after ovulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outer surface layer of an organ; for example the cortex of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the renal collecting duct formed by the joining of the distal convoluted tubules from many nephrons; it lies within the cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nephrons located mostly in the cortex, except for a portion of the loop of Henle, which dips into the medullary region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The artery that branches from the arcuate artery, continuing into the cortical region of the kidney. It branches to form the afferent arterioles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vein that drains the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. It connects to the arcuate vein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic hormone that regulates secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of delivering signals in addition to antigen binding to achieve activation of B or T lymphocytes; prevents inadvertent activation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A secondary active transport process in which two or more substances move across the plasma membrane. If substances move in the same direction, it is symport; otherwise antiport (countertransport). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The role played by the opposing flow of blood within the vasa recta to provide nutrients to and remove waste from the medullary interstitium without washing away the solutes that maintain the medullary osmotic gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Countercurrent multiplier |
|
Definition
| The role played by the opposing flow of filtrate within the ascending and descending loop of Henle to form the medullary osmotic gradient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A secondary active transport process in which two or more substances move through the plasma membrane in opposite directions. Most commonly, one of the substances is the sodium ion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organic compound in muscle cells that serves as a brief source of energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The end product of creatine metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The shrinkage of red blood cells that occurs when they are placed in a hypertonic solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure formed by the globular head of the myosin protein of the thick filament when it attaches to the thin filament during muscle contraction. Flexing the cross bridge moves the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cleft, recess, or pit. Also the tubular glands of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| CSF or Cerebrospinal fluid |
|
Definition
| plasma-like fluid within the brain ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space surrounding both the brain and spinal cord. It protects and nourishes the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| Cuboidal epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| Cells with nearly equal dimensions of height, breadth, and depth. These cells are important for secretion and absorption and are the main cell type found in the renal tubules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of charged particles. In biological systems, the movement of ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to hypercortisolism caused by pituitary tumors that secrete excessive ACTH. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormonal disorder caused by prolonged high levels of cortisol; also called hypercortisolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important intracellular second messenger that mediates hormonal effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small proteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small membrane-bounded sac that ferries materials through cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The intracellular fluid in which the organelles are suspended and molecules and ions are dissolved. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An effector T lymphocyte characterized by the presence of CD8 cell-surface molecules. Cytotoxic T cells kill other cells that are infected, cancerous, or transplanted. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures exerted by each gas. The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the total gas mixture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To eliminate the contents of the bowels (feces). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Elimination of the contents of the bowels (feces). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reflex that initiates elimination of feces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small antimicrobial proteins found in skin and in neutrophil granules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deficit of water only accompanied by increased osmolarity in all fluid spaces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The chemical process that combines two molecules into a single larger molecule. The process involves an enzyme, the removal of one water molecule, and the formation of a covalent bond to join the two molecules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To uncoil or change the shape of a protein; usually causes the function of the protein to cease or diminish. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cytoplasmic process that extends from a neuron’s cell body. Neurons typically have many dendrites, which are usually shorter and thicker than axons and highly branched. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in many tissues, these key antigen-presenting cells capture antigens, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, and present these antigens to T lymphocytes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Destruction of teeth; cavities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A change in membrane potential such that the cell interior becomes relatively less negative (more positive); this change is transmitted from cell to cell, creating a wave, or impulse, of electrical activity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To change the membrane potential of a cell to a value that is more positive than its resting membrane potential. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the colon extending from the left colic flexure to the sigmoid colon. |
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Term
| Descending loop of Henle (thin segment) |
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Definition
| The portion of the renal tubule that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the “hairpin” turn in the loop of Henle. It is composed of flattened epithelial cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell junction between adjacent cardiac cells that prevents cells from separating during contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Digestive enzyme in the brush border that breaks down limit dextrins. |
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Term
|
Definition
A medical condition in which excessive urine production results from inadequate secretion or action of antidiuretic hormone.
A medical condition in which excessive urine production results from inadequate secretion or action of antidiuretic hormone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A medical condition characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting in the presence of glucose in the urine. This condition results from insulin deficiency or lack of cellular response to insulin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Membrane phospholipid formed after hydrolysis of PIP2. Functions as a second messenger that activates protein kinase C. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity; it contracts during inspiration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relaxation. Specifically, relaxation of the ventricles (ventricular diastole). Atrial diastole is relaxation of the atria. A part of the cardiac cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lowest pressure in the artery; result of ventricular diastole (relaxation); normally about 80 mm Hg. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure fluctuation in graph of arterial pressure due to brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of materials from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration as a result of their kinetic energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that break down or hydrolyze nutrients. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The enlargement of the diameter of a tubular structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Digestive enzyme that cleaves dipeptides. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Peptides composed of two amino acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides; a double sugar. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disaccharide formed by joining the monosaccharides glucose and glucose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The separation of one thing or part from another. For example, acids, bases, and salts, dissociate when dissolved in water. |
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|
Term
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
|
Definition
| The portion of the renal tubule that extends from the juxtaglomerular apparatus to the cortical collecting duct. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A strong covalent bond formed between sulfurs of two cysteine amino acids within a protein. Also called disulfide bridges. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that causes an increased urine volume. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A shared feature of B and T lymphocytes, arising from the fact that there are a huge number of different lymphocytes, each with its own unique antigen receptor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic hormone that regulates secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary. Also functions as neurotransmitter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two strands of molecules twisted into a spiral or coil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreased response to hormonal stimulation; involves a loss in the number of receptors and effectively prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| First part of the small intestine. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sense that reports on angular or rotational movements of the head in space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Extracellular fluid. Located outside cells, the ECF includes interstitial fluid and plasma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the heart’s electrical events. Electrical currents generated by the heart spread throughout the body and can be monitored with an electrocardiograph. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cells that carry out the functions of the immune system. In adaptive immunity the effector cells include plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, and helper T cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organ innervated by the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the components of homeostatic control mechanisms; provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus. Information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent pathway. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The renal blood vessel emerging from the glomerulus and distributing blood to the peritubular capillaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The movement of molecules from the intracellular environment into the extracellular environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The type of artery with the most elastin in the tunica media; closest to the heart; expands during systole, recoils during diastole to propel blood onward. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fibrous protein that has a randomly coiled structure, allowing it to stretch and recoil like a rubber band; forms elastic fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An electrical force across a cell membrane that results from the separation of charged particles across that membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A synapse formed by gap junctions between two neurons. Ions flow between neurons at electrical synapses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The combined electrical and chemical forces on an ion. This force determines the net movement of charged particles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ions (charged particles) that are dissolved in the body fluids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of forming an aqueous suspension of fat droplets from a larger fat globule. |
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|
Term
| End diastolic volume (EDV) |
|
Definition
| Amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation). |
|
|
Term
| End systolic volume (ESV) |
|
Definition
| Amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole (contraction). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| That portion of the pancreas that secretes hormones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating hormone disorders. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Infolding of the plasma membrane around a substance that is taken into the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Originating or produced within the organism or one of its parts. For example, endogenous antigens come from within the cytoplasm of a cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds individual muscle cells (fibers). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Simple squamous epithelial cell; cell type that lines the walls of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissue that lines the walls of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; composed of simple squamous epithelial cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neuromodulators produced in the central nervous system and elsewhere; for example the enteric nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The submucosal and myenteric plexuses that make up the intrinsic nervous system of the gut; considered the third division of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Endocrine cells scattered among the epithelial cells that line the digestive tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The reflexive inhibition of gastric secretion; initiated by the arrival of chyme in the small intestine. |
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|
Term
| Enterohepatic circulation |
|
Definition
| The secretion of bile salts by the liver, followed by their absorption in the ileum and return to the liver by the hepatic portal vein. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme in the lumen of the small intestine that activates the proenzymes secreted by the pancreas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| White blood cells whose granules readily take up an acid stain called eosin. They help defend against parasitic worms and are involved in allergy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx (glottis) during swallowing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds the entire muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla; also called adrenalin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells of a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands. Classified into three basic shapes: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissue that lines blood vessels, the heart, and cavities of the digestive and respiratory systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| As used here, it is the process of balancing or equalizing the chemical concentration between two or more compartments. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A state of chemical stability in which no net change occurs. For an ion in equilibrium across a cell membrane, the amount moving out is equal to the amount moving in. |
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Term
|
Definition
| For a given ion, the membrane potential at which the electrical and chemical forces that drive that ion across the cell membrane is equal and opposite. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscular tube extending from the laryngopharynx through the diaphragm to join the stomach; collapses when not involved in food propulsion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Female sex hormone produced by the ovary; during puberty promotes development of secondary sex characteristics, and is necessary for production of the ovum. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to a cell that responds to stimuli by generating an electrical signal at the cell membrane. Neurons and muscle cells are excitable. |
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|
Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
|
Definition
| A local, graded, depolarization of an excitable cell. Function is to generate an action potential in the postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells of the pancreas that secrete pancreatic juices. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site. |
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Term
|
Definition
| That portion of the pancreas that secretes digestive juices. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Developing or originating outside of the organism or one of its parts. For example, exogenous antigens do not originate within the cell that displays them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protrusion of the eyeballs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exhalation; act of expelling air from the lungs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to exhalation; act of expelling air from the lungs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Sphincter of skeletal muscle surrounding the anal canal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The external openings leading into the nasal cavities; also called the nostrils. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The exchange of gases between the alveoli in the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluids (ECF) |
|
Definition
| All the fluids in the body, except the fluid within cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space outside the cell that includes interstitial fluid with dissolved ions, nutrients, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nerves from outside the GI tract that innervate neurons of the enteric nervous system or other gut structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A passive transport process that uses a carrier molecule to enable the passage of a complex molecule across a membrane. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A bundle of muscle cells (fibers) bound together by connective tissue to form a functional unit. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transport protein in plasma membrane of contractile cell that allows explosive entry of sodium ions (Na+) from extracellular space; channel is voltage-gated, opening and closing in response to specific voltage levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White muscle fibers. Large in diameter; light in color due to reduced myoglobin; surrounded by few capillaries; relatively few mitochondria; mainly use glycolysis to synthesize ATP; quick and powerful but fatigue rapidly; fast cross bridge cycling. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Common name for solid neutral fats (triglycerides). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition in which the muscle is no longer able to sustain its level of tension and gradually elongates even though adequate stimulation continues; results from the buildup of acidic compounds within the cell and a relative lack of ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major component of lipids (neutral fats and phospholipids). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material discharged from the bowel; composed of food residue, secretions, bacteria; feces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material discharged from the bowel; composed of food residue, secretions, bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pore in a capillary endothelial cell that may be open or covered by a delicate membrane; allows for freer passage of fluids and small solutes between capillaries and tissue cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An increase in body temperature caused by a resetting of the body’s thermostat in the hypothalamus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Young, actively mitotic cells that form the fibers of connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The abnormal formation of fibrous connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Young, actively mitotic cells that form the fibers of connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid and solutes that are forced out of the blood into the glomerular capsule of the kidney, and then processed by the renal tubules to form urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of passing a solution through a selective membrane or barrier that separates the particles because of their size or other properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of water, small molecules, and ions from the blood from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The three-layer barrier serving as a filter within the kidney. It is composed of fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and filtration slits formed by the pedicels of the podocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The small spaces lying between individual pedicels of the filtration membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic acids generated in the body that are eliminated in the urine. Carbonic acid is not a fixed acid because it can be eliminated via the lungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A macrophage that is resident in a tissue. Examples are Kupffer cells in the liver and microglia in the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition of being soft and limp; lacking firmness; flabby. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shallow depression in the interatrial septum marking the spot where an opening, the foramen ovale, existed in the fetal heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A macrophage that wanders through tissue in search of debris or pathogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of repetitions per unit time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Base of an organ; that part farthest from the opening of the organ; e.g. the dome-shaped part of the stomach beneath the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large group of single-celled or multicellular organisms with cell walls that obtain nutrients from their environment. The very few that are pathogenic in humans may be intracellular or extracellular. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells of stomach that secrete gastrin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GTP-binding regulatory protein tethered to the plasma membrane. Involved in transducing chemical signals to response of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid, an amino acid neurotransmitter. Important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscular sac beneath the right lobe of the liver used for bile storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of plasma proteins that consists mostly of antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small tube or channel between adjacent cells formed by transmembrane proteins. Allows ions to pass freely from cell to cell. Found at electrical synapses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tubular glands of the stomach whose cells produce acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The secretions of gastric glands including acid, enzymes, and intrinsic factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The activity of muscles of the stomach wall that mixes and propels stomach contents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucous membrane that lines the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protective coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus produced by the stomach that prevents gastric juices from leaking into underlying tissue layers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phase of reflexes that control GI secretions when the meal is in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indentations in the gastric mucosa that lead to gastric glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone secreted in the stomach; stimulates HCl production. |
|
|
Term
| Gastroesophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| Sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach; also called lower esophageal sphincter (LES). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long reflex initiated by increased activity in the stomach that increases motility in the terminal ileum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ion channels that are opened or closed by gates. The gates may be controlled by chemicals or by membrane voltage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) yields GDP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relatively pale-staining area in the center of a lymphoid follicle that has proliferating and differentiating B lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonexcitable cells that provide structural support or that serve important physiological and immunological functions in the nervous system. Also called support cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins which are coiled up on themselves to form a particular shape, which determines the function of the protein. |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule |
|
Definition
| The expanded cup-shaped proximal end of the nephron tubule. It surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate from the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The liquid (water) and solutes that have passed through a filtration membrane and entered the renal tubule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of small solutes and water from the plasma in the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule, beginning the process of urine formation. |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
|
Definition
| The rate at which the filtrate is formed by the kidney. It is usually measured in milliliters per minute. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capillary bed where filtration occurs. Lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles, surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve IX; a mixed nerve with many functions including carrying sensory and motor fibers to and from the tongue and pharynx, and carrying sensory fibers from the carotid bodies and the carotid sinus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opening between the vocal cords in the larynx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone formed by alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; raises the glucose level of blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digestive enzyme in the brush border that breaks down maltose and maltotriose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenal cortex hormones that regulate blood glucose levels and aid the body in resisting stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenal cortex hormones that regulate blood glucose levels and aid the body in resisting stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathways through which noncarbohydrate precursors, especially amino acids, are converted into glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often called blood sugar; the principal sugar in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) |
|
Definition
| GI hormone that causes feedforward release of insulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amino acid neurotransmitter. Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol) containing three carbons; part of the structure of triglycerides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amino acid neurotransmitter. Important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits; found primarily in the muscle and liver cells of animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of glycogen from glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often called blood sugar; the principal sugar in the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) |
|
Definition
| GI hormone that causes feedforward release of insulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amino acid neurotransmitter. Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol) containing three carbons; part of the structure of triglycerides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol) containing three carbons; part of the structure of triglycerides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An amino acid neurotransmitter. Important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A polysaccharide composed of glucose subunits; found primarily in the muscle and liver cells of animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The synthesis of glycogen from glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of glycogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cellular metabolic process involving a series of enzymes and reactions to break down glucose into pyruvic acid. Produces two net ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Does not require oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical compound consisting of a carbohydrate and a protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelle that modifies and packages proteins into vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gonadotropins consist of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), both released by the anterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from the anterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An integral membrane protein that uses GTP as an energy source. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As used here, the difference in solute concentration between two regions. |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Modified smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent arterioles associated with the glomeruli in kidney. They play a role in autoregulation and blood pressure regulation by releasing the enzyme renin in response to low blood pressure and other stimuli. |
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Definition
| Cells of the ovarian follicle that secrete estrogen. |
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Definition
| An autoimmune disease characterized by hyperthyroidism. |
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Definition
| Cardiac vein in anterior interventricular sulcus; collects oxygen-poor blood from capillary beds of myocardium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates growth and energy metabolism. Also called somatotropin. |
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Term
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic hormone that influences growth hormone secretion. |
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Term
| Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) |
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Definition
| A guanine containing nucleotide to which two phosphate groups have been added. G proteins are inactive when GDP is bound to them. |
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Term
| Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) |
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Definition
| A guanine containing nucleotide to which three phosphate groups have been added. G proteins bind GTP when they are activated. |
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Definition
| A lighter stripe in the center of the dark (A) band, corresponding to the region between thin filaments. Its width varies depending upon the degree of muscle contraction. The H zone is widest when the muscle is relaxed and stretched. |
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Definition
| The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to oxygen unloading. |
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Definition
| Bulging pocket-like sacs of the large intestine wall. |
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Definition
| Number of times the heart beats in one minute. |
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Definition
| A functional subtype of T cell that helps orchestrate the humoral and cellular immune responses by releasing chemical messengers called cytokines and by direct cell-to-cell contact. Also activates macrophages. |
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Definition
| The percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. The hematocrit can increase as a result of either more red blood cells or less plasma in the blood; it can decrease because of either fewer red blood cells or more plasma. |
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Definition
| Iron-containing pigment that is essential to oxygen transport by hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule found in red blood cells which functions in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport; it is composed of 4 polypeptide chains and 4 red iron-containing heme groups. |
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Definition
| When a red blood cell breaks open. |
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Definition
| Loss of blood from vessels by flow through ruptured walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of gas which dissolves in a liquid is proportional to both the partial pressure and the solubility of the gas. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hepatopancreatic sphincter |
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Definition
| Sphincter that controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum; also called sphincter of Oddi. |
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Term
| High-energy phosphate bond |
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Definition
| Covalent bond between two phosphate groups that contain relatively large amounts of stored energy; found in ATP. Breaking this bond releases energy that can be used to power cellular activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger (neurotransmitter or paracrine); causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions. |
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Definition
| The branch of adaptive immunity that involves antibodies and the B lymphocyte-derived plasma cells that secrete them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid produced by gastric parietal cells; acids protein digestion in the stomach and sterilizes chyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical process in which an enzyme uses water to split one molecule into smaller parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that splits a molecule by the addition of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broken down by the process of hydrolysis, in which an enzyme uses water to split one molecule into smaller parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure of fluid within a system or container. |
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Term
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Definition
| An excess of calcium in the extracellular fluid greater than 11 mg/dL. |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition in which the blood glucose level is elevated above normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive inflation of the lungs during very deep inspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| An excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid greater than 5.1 mEq/L. |
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Term
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Definition
| An excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid greater than 145 mEq/L. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the membrane potential of a cell changes to become more negative than its resting membrane potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| To change the membrane potential of a cell to a value that is more negative than its resting membrane potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which there is excessive activity of the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventilation that is higher than necessary to maintain normal blood gas levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess of fluid volume accompanied by normal osmolarity in all fluid spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concentration of calcium in the extracellular fluid less than 9 mg/dL. |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition in which the blood sugar (glucose) level drops below normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concentration of potassium in the extracellular fluid less than 3.5 mEq/L. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid less than 136 mEq/L. |
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Term
| Hypophyseal portal vessels |
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Definition
| Blood vessels that connect two capillary beds in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Region of the brain located inferior to the thalamus. Autonomic control center; center for emotional response and behavior; body’s thermostat; regulates food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep-wake cycles, endocrine system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution with a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventilation that is too low to maintain normal blood gas levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficit of fluid volume accompanied by normal osmolarity in all fluid spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which inadequate oxygen is available to tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The light region of the myofibril’s striation that alternates with dark (A) bands; contains only thin filaments. Its width is the distance between adjacent thick filaments. Therefore, the I-band gets narrower during muscle contraction. |
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Definition
| Cells of the small intestine that produce the hormone CCK. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody active against bacteria and viruses; found in saliva. |
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Term
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Definition
| A muscular valve that separates the ileum from the cecum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Last part of the small intestine; between the jejunum and the cecum of the large intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Possessing immunocompetence, the ability of a lymphocyte to recognize specific antigens (by binding); reflects the presence of lymphocyte antigen receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which cytotoxic T cells and NK cells examine the cells of the body, searching for abnormal cells such as cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organs, tissues, cells, and molecules that function to protect the body from foreign invaders. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| A condition of rapid, shortened contraction/relaxation cycles resulting from increased frequency of stimulation. Some degree of cyclical relaxation is visible. Also called unfused tetanus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vein that returns blood to right atrium from body regions inferior to the diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| An innate (nonspecific) defensive response of the body to tissue injury; includes dilation of arterioles and an increase in capillary permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger that promotes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of molecules from the extracellular environment into the intracellular environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stalk of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide hormone from the gonads that regulates secretion of FSH. Inhibits FSH secretion. |
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Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| A local, graded, hyperpolarization of an excitable cell. Functions to prevent generation of an action potential in a postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflexes that inhibit or negate the stimulus. |
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Term
| Innate defense mechanism or Innate immunity |
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Definition
| The branch of immunity that provides immediate defense against a pathogen, relies on mechanisms that exist before infection, and whose response does not increase with repeated exposure to the same pathogen. Also called nonspecific immunity. |
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