Term
| Presidential Reconstruction |
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Definition
| The plans carried out by Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson to reconstruct the political structure of the South |
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| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) |
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Definition
| Offered full presidential pardons to Southerners who took an oath of allegianc to the Union and the Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves; state governments could be reestablished once 10% of the voters had taken an oath |
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| Required 50% of states voters to have taken an oath and only allowed non-Confederates to vote; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, and pocket vetoed |
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| Created in March 1865; Provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those displaced by the war; resettled freed blacks on confiscated farms in the south, until President Johnson restored the lands; established 3,000 schools for blacks, and several black colleges; taught 200,000 blacks how to read |
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| Confederate senator who was loyal to the Union, Lincoln's running mate in 1864; proclamed that all former leaders and officeholders of the Confederacy, and any Confederate with more then $20,000 were disenfranchised; Pardoned individuals, mainly wealthy planters |
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| Laws passed in the South to stop blacks from renting land or borrowing money to buy land, forced thhem to sign work contracts, and prohibited them from testifying against whites in court |
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| Congressional Reconstruction |
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Definition
| The reconstruction process completed by Congress, after presidential Reconstruction, that was harsher on Confederate whites, and more protective of freed blacks |
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| Championed civil rights for blacks; wanted to extend equal rights to all Americans; prospered after Civil War as defense against Democrats |
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| A Massachusetts Senator who led the Radical Republicans |
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| Pennsylvania Representative who wanted to revolutionize Southern society through military rule; give blacks Confederates' land, educate them in federal schools, and allow them to excercise their civil rights |
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| Radical Republican from Ohio; endorsed women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for Northern blacks |
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| Made all blacks US citizens, provided a legal shield against Black Codes |
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Definition
| Ratified in 1868; All persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens; States had to provide equal protection of the laws, and due process of law; Dsiqualified former Confederate leaders from holding federal or state offices; Repudiated the debts of Confederate governments; reduced states' proportional representation in Congress if they prevented people from voting |
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| Laws apply to all equally, and cannot descriminate against any ethnicity, religious group, or profession |
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| Right to trial at a court of peers, inability to be held without charges, no cruel or unusual punishment |
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Term
| Reconstruction Acts (1867) |
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Definition
| Placed South under military occupation; divided Confederacy into five military districts under control of Union army; states had to ratify the 14th Amendment and guarantee in Constitutions that all adult males could vote |
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Term
| Tenure of Office Act (1867) |
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Definition
| Prohibited President from removing a federal official or military commander without Senate approval; protected Radical Republicans in office |
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| Radical Republican Secretary of War; dismissed by Johnson to challenge Tenure of Office Act |
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| The removal of a president through a Senate vote after a trial; requires two-thirds of vote to pass; two Presidents impeached, Johnson and Clinton |
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| Prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote based on race, color, or servitude |
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| Guaranteed equal accomodations in public places, and prohibited courts from excluding blacks from juries |
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| Southern Republicans; former Whigs who supported economic development and peace |
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| Northerners who went South; wanted to start new businesses, missionaries and teachers |
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| One of two black senators sent to Congress by Southern states |
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| One of two black Senators from South; held Mississippi seat beginning in 1870 |
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| System where the landlord provided seed and farming supplies in exchange for a share of the harvest; new form of servitude due to their being dependent on landlords |
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| Political manipulators who took the place of reformers, used patronage to gain supporters |
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| Giving jobs and government favors to supporters |
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| Wall Street financier who used President Grant's brother in law to corner the gold market |
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| Insiders gave influential members of Congress stock to prevent an investigation of 348% profit from government building subsidies |
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| Boss of New York City Democratic Party; masterminded schemes for grafting; caught and improsoned in 1871 |
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| Tweed's organization, which stole $200 million from New York taxpayers before they were uncovered by The New York Times |
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| A cartoonist for the New York Times, who exposed Boss Tweed |
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| A sect of Republicans which advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from South, reduced tariffs, and free trade |
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| Editor of the New York Tribune; nominated by Democrats and Liberal Republicans to win Election of 1872; defeated and died weeks later |
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| Overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding of industries and railroads caused widespread business failures |
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| Paper money that was used to support economy without gold |
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| Southern Conservatives who took control of the South; wanted states' rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, and white supremacy |
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| Secret society to intimidate blacks and white reformers; founded in 1867 by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest; burned black owned buildings and flogged freemen |
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| Acts giving local authorities the power to stop Klan violence and protect civil rights of citizens in South |
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| Removed last of constrictions on ex-Confederates, except for leaders |
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| Governor of Ohio, nominated for presidency by Republicans; Became president |
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| New York's reform governor; selected by Democrats as presidential nominee |
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| An informal deal giving the presidency to Hayes if he ended ederal support for Republicans in South, and supported building a transcontinental Southern railroad |
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