Term
|
Definition
| A conscious, deliberate act of creating a system of government that benefits the people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From the Latin res publica, the "public thing" when citizens of the political state govern themselves rather than submit to a monarch, despot, or oligarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The traditions, beliefs, principles, events, etc. that we inherit (or choose to inherit) from the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ultimate political power- having the final say. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cycle from tyranny to anarchy, to which sovereign power and its ill effects give rise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ruler exercising absolute power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A means of removing tyranny from power; part of the human predicament cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absolute power centralized in one person (or small group); part of the human predicament cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No one person (or group) maintains absolute power. Characterized by mass disorder caused by failure to agree on a common course of action; part of the human predicament cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups that, in a state of anarchy, fight for supreme power and control; part of the human predicament cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reasonably stable and prosperous society without an oppressive tyranny. Usually includes peace, respect, vibrant culture, and personal freedom to live the way one chooses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greek philosopher, author of the republic, praised civic vitrue and the necessity of arete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruling by a sanction higher than stark necessity; sanction may stem from divine right, wisdom or consent, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| king of England, claimed political legitimacy through a "divine right of kings." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political theory that royal lines are established by God and that kings rule by divine decree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divinely inspired rule, or rule by religion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rule based on distinguished or wise ancestors and heritage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The privilege of taking part in the political process and observing societies rules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fundamental disposition of humans that determines their behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greek term for human virtue, the backbone of republican morality. Striving for excellence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greek term for human virtue, the backbone of of republican morality. Striving for excellence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 18th century philosophical movement that proposed individual self-interest, rather than Greek virtue or Christian humility, as the motivating factor in human behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the four alternative forms of government, sees people as children in need of a carefully controlled environment provided by the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the four alternative forms of government; sees people (and government) as mostly good but corruptible and so government should have restricted power and try to encourage a good moral climate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First ten amendments to the Constitution regarding basic protections rights from the government, passed in response to the Anti-Federalist argument against the initial Constitution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the four alternative forms of government; sees the most important value as indvidual freedom and holds that government should only protect that freedom and nothing more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the four alternatives forms of government; sees people in the most favorable light, but institutions or other influence can corrupt them , so other influences can corrupt them, so government is necessary to protect them from such corruption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principal author of the declaration of independence, an influential founding father of the united states. He promoted classical liberalism, republicanism, and the separation of church and state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rules and restrictions designed to better harness virtue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| city or city-state, often self-governed by its citizens as the ancient greek city-states were. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The social concept of a a group of autonomous individuals living in a state of nature, making a common agreement about the sort of political world they want to live in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothetical condition assumed to exist in the absence of government where human beings live in "complete" freedom and general equality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered the Americas while searching for a new trade route to India |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colonial settlements established for economic or financial purposes by various companies. Although usually chartered by the Crown, their remote circumstances helped foster the idea and practice of self- governance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virginia colonist who pioneered the cultivation of tobacco as a profitable agricultural enterprise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| land owners would pay the passage of those willing to come to the colonies in exchange for an agreed-upon term of service, after which the indentured servant was released from his obligation and was then free to seek his own fortune. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An assembly of representative elected by the common people of the virginia colony, similar to the house of commons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Settlements based on religious or moral values, mostly interested in being an example to Europe or living according to their own moral liberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advocator of the Separatist movement, demanded separation from the church of england. His writings inspired groups such as the Pilgrims to emigrate to America for religious freedom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British religious emigrants who wanted to reform the Church of England rather than sever all ties with it; their beliefs in the Christian Calling, Moral Self-Governance , and in being God's Elect would help shape the Founding and American national character. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French theologian during the Protestant Reformation who greatly influenced Puritan beliefs. He taught the Bible was the final authority for matters of faith and that salvation came through grace only, not works. He also taught the doctrine of predestination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from calvin's theory, God has already chosen those who will be saved. These elect people are to build a holy community as an example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From Calvin's theory, people should pursue a "calling" in some sort of worldly work where they are to rise early in the morning, work hard, save their money, and invest it wisely. Prosperity indicates God's approval. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| puritan ideal that all must live a righteous life largely on their own, with each man being responsible for his own actions and those of his family- with an eye on his neighbor as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goveernor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony before their departure from England. Known for his sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" said that the Puritan colony would be a city upon a hill |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Latin for clean slate or blank slate. Puritans felt that the new world was a tabula ras on which mankind could begin the human story anew. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biblical ideal, started by winthrop, a society governed by civil liberty, people did only that which was just and good, that would be an example to the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where men are free to do what they please, without regard for the moral value of their actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to winthrop, where men were free to do only that which is good, just, and honest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| King of England, Scotland, Ireland, and first king of Great Britain. First monarch of England from the House of Stuart, succeeding the last Tudor monarch, Elizabeth I who died without an heir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English philosopher, wrote Treatises of Government, espousing natural rights, consent of the governed, and social compacts greatly influenced the Founding Fathers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| England's first political party, organized in political opposition to the King; Americans later formed their own Whig party during the Jacksonian democracy era, but the two parties did not hold the same ideology |
|
|
Term
| Second Treatise of Government |
|
Definition
| John Locke's work arguing that true political authority comes not from God or precedent but from the people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acceded the throne with his wife Mary, in 1689 and became William III of England. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1688 bloodless ENglish revolution against the King, making the King subject to Parliament; considered a true founding of government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of metalegal principles developed by the English legal system as a way of distinguishing whether a particular law supported freedom or not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| law that classical Greeks believed resided in the human heart and reflects our innate sense of right and wrong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fundamental rights granted by nature that government cannot abrogate and which government is bound to protect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orator, statesman, political theorist, lawyer, and philosopher of ancient Rome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| law that is considered to be from natural law principles but that is framed in a form that can be interpreted more concretely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule of law principle that sates when laws are made they must apply to broad categories of people and must not single out individuals or groups for special treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule of law principle that states laws must apply to future action and not past action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule of law principle that states laws must be known and certain, such that everyone knows of their existence and their enforcement is reasonably reliable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule of law principle that states laws must be generally acceptable to those who must live by them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Britain and her colonies fought against the French with their respective native allies. The French were defeated, solidifying British control of North America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rule of law principle that states when laws are applied they must be administered impartially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French political thinker who favored the British system of rule and lauded the idea of separation of powers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that the "Country party" had the best strategy and opportunity to preserve liberty against the "Court party" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| english royal court and the center of British political power; characterized by corruption and subversion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English opposition to the "court party" that consisted of commonwealth men (everyday citizens). The Country party was considered morally independent with pure motives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| had a strong belief in the rule of law which led him to defend the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. His defense demonstrated to the world that the colonists were civilized and could therefore govern themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dividing powers of government between the separate branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scottish philosopher and economist who wrote the wealth of nations. He is considered the father of modern economics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic theory that emphasized the importance of stockpiling gold and silver to the economic power of a nation. Mercantilists regulated the economy by encouraging exports and restricting imports. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic system in which the allocation of resources is heavily controlled by government instead of free market forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| economic regulation passed by British Parliament to enforce trade regulations in the colonies: all trade had to go through British or colonial merchants and be shipped in British or colonial ships with the end goal to generate large exports from England, with few imports, so that gold and silver would flow into the motherland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the philosophy of a free market economy in which the government serves only to create an acceptable environment in which to make exchanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| book by Adam Smith, criticized mercantilism and proposed a free economy in which the "invisible hand" determined prices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divisions of the economy that specialize in certain goods or services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an economic model advanced by Adam Smith in which the forces of individual self-interest regulate the economy. This self-regulation eliminates the need for most government interventions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| money facilitates exchange by eliminating the necessity for a coincidence of wants, functioning as a generally acceptable medium for exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when 2 parties each possess something desired by the other, promoting an exchange. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the economic practice of focusing resources on production of one or a few goods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when buyers and sellers have no influence on price and terms of exchange. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When sellers are conspiring to maintain a high price and avoid competing with one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one person or group captures enough market power to control or manipulate prices; the lack of competition in a market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the price of a particular good or service rises, suppliers will produce more of that good or service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the price of a particular good or service rises, individuals will buy less of that good or service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a market economy, prices determine the quantity of goods supplied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a market economy, as profits increase, the number of suppliers and resources for making that good will increase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The price at which the amount demanded is equal to the amount supplied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the amount demanded is greater than the amount supplied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the amount supplied is greater than the amount demanded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adam Smith's term for the natural self-regulation of a market economy driven by self-interest and efficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Policy in which there is little or no interference with exchange, trade, or market prices by the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A goal for economic systems to produce the most goods for the most people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a goal for economic systems to distribute goods and rewards fairly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a goal for economic systems to preserve the liberty of the people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A society's structure for making and distributing goods and services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An economic system in which the allocation of resources is heavily controlled by government instead of free market forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An economy in which all benefits are mximized to the point that one party cannot increase their benefits without decreasing the benefits of others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frenchman who wrote Democracy in America, in which he explored the uniqueness of American character and its sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic condition where resources and supply cannot meet all demands, and therefore decisions must be made about which demands to meet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The value of the best alternative not chosen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the economic practice of focusing resources on production of one or a few goods |
|
|
Term
| Law of comparative advantage |
|
Definition
| Economic principle in which producers specialize in the production of goods where they have the lowest opportunity cost. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when buyers and sellers have no influence on price and terms of exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the price of a particular good or service rises, individuals will buy less of that good or service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the price of a particular good or service rises, suppliers will produce more of that good or service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a market economy, as profits increase, the number of suppliers and resources for making that good will increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a market economy, prices determine the quantity of goods supplied |
|
|
