Term
| What is the Protestant Reformation? |
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Definition
| a long period of transformation during which a number of reformers sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church. |
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Term
| Who wrote during the Protestant Reformation? |
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Definition
Both William Bradford and John Winthrop wrote during the Protestant Reformation.
More specifically, they were apart of the English Reformation. King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and took the position of Supreme Head of the Church of England.
Both William Bradford and John Winthrop had disagreements with the Church of England. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who did not want to reform the church of England, but rather to split from it entirely. |
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Term
| Who expressed the Separatists term? |
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Definition
| Bradford used this term and later called the Separatists, the Pilgrims |
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Term
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Definition
a. [Winthrop] Puritans wanted to reform, or purify the Church of England
b. [Bradford] Separatists (Pilgrims) thought it was beyond saving. |
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Term
| What is a meter in poetry? |
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Definition
| the rhythm of a poem, determined by the number and pattern of stresses in its line. |
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Term
| What is Iambic Pentameter? |
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Definition
Iambic: an unstressed syllable, followed by a stressed syllable
Pentameter: five metrical feet |
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Term
| Who wrote in Iambic Pentameter and why? |
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Definition
Anne Bradstreet in "To My Dear and Loving Husband"
Because it has a natural rhythm in Poetry. |
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Term
| How do you determine a rhyme scheme? |
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Definition
| Determined by finding the smallest repeating rhyme pattern. For example you can have AABB or ABAB or ABCABC |
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Term
| What is the Doctrine of Election? |
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Definition
the idea that God freely elected before birth those individuals he would save and those he would damn.
a. Both the Separatists and Puritans accepted this. |
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Term
| What is the Covenant of Works? |
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Definition
a promise that God made to Adam that he was immortal only as long as he obeyed God’s rules. [This means we can no longer by saved by works, or obedience to God]
a. Both the Separatists and Puritans subscribed to Calvin’s idea that Adam violated the Covenant of Works |
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Term
| What is the Covenant of Grace? |
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Definition
which holds that the individuals can gain eternal life through a belief in the divinity of, and a belief that sin can be forgiven through, Jesus Christ and his Crucifixion.
a. Since Adam violated the Covenant of Works, the Puritans and Separatists believed in the Calvinist Covenant of Grace instead.
b. However, God has still decided before an individual’s birth if that individual will gain salvation through the Covenant of Grace. (Calvin’s Doctrine of Election)
c. As a result, you don’t freely choose to enter into the covenant of grace; God has decided that the Holy Spirit will lead you there. |
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Term
| What is the myth of American Expressionalism? |
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Definition
| The belief that the United States is exceptional, favored by God and/or history, and has a special place among nations. |
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Term
| Who used the term American Expressionalism? |
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Definition
| John Winthrop in A Model of Christian Charity |
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Term
| What does Ostensibly mean? |
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Definition
| true stories of people held captive by “uncivilized” enemies often in which the captivity leads to a renewal of the captive’s religious faith. In 16th and 17th century England, there were sometimes stories of being captured by pirates, but in America, the genre often meant the capture of a white woman specifically by Native Americans. |
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Term
| Who used the term Ostensibly? |
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Definition
| A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson |
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Term
What is a Maxim/Afforism?
Who used the term and in what? |
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Definition
A concise statement containing a subjective truth or observation, cleverly written. (“The Lord helps those who help themselves.” - Help yourself & you will be rewarded
Benjamin Franklin in "The Way to Wealth" |
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Term
What does Deism mean?
Who used the term and in what? |
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Definition
The Enlightenment era's way of viewing reason and logic as passkeys to faith.
Reason and observation of the nature world can determine if there is a single god.
No miracles, divine intervention, Christian Trinity
Thomas Paine in "Common Sense" |
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Term
What does heresay mean?
Who used this term and in what? |
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Definition
It is the second, third or beyond account of information, in this case about God, rather than a firsthand account which is called a revelation
Thomas Paine used this in "The Age of Reason" |
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Term
| What does Negative Capability mean? |
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Definition
| to exist in uncertainty and doubts; and being okay with it not being resolved. |
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Term
| Who used the tern Negative Capability? |
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Definition
| Thomas Jefferson used this way of writing in Notes on the State of Virginia, section about slavery |
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Term
| Who were the Federalists and what did they believe? |
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Definition
The Federalists sought to ratify the constitution as it was proposed and favored the representative federal government.
a. Based on The Federalist by Hamilton and Madison who wrote it to persuade reluctant New Yorkers to adopt the proposed new Constitution. |
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Term
| Who were the Anti-Federalists and what did they believe? |
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Definition
| 11. The Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify the constitution. They feared that what they saw was the loss of states’ rights in the new constitution and tended to advocate direct democratic rule. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who used the term coquette? |
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Definition
| Like the character Eliza read in Hannah Foster’s The Coquette |
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Term
What did William Bradford write?
About which group of people? |
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Definition
Of Plymouth Plantation
The Separatists |
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Term
| When the Pilgrims are in Holland, why do they decide to go to America? (Theme of space) |
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Definition
| The fact that the space where you are impacts how you worship freely. It was difficult for these people to form communities freely |
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Term
| Describe. "America... being devoid of all civil inhabitants." |
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Definition
| An argument about personhood and the idea of a contract of who is/is not a person. |
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Term
| What was the importance of John Robinson's letters? |
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Definition
| Robinson was a pastor who believed in working towards the ultimate gola to create a civil community. |
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Term
| What did Bradford believe about Freedom and Community? |
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Definition
| Individuals need to suppress themselves if it doesn't agree with the community freedom. Good of community over the good of the individual |
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Term
| What does Bradford call Native American Indians? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were the three people that helped Bradford and the Separatists? |
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Definition
Samoset- gave them information and introduced them to...
Squanto- spoke English, taught them to hunt, fish, and farm
Massasoit- a great chief who they signed the Mayflower Compact with to live with peace with one another |
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Term
“And I may not omit here a special work of God's providence. There was a proud and very profane young man [aboard the Mayflower], one of the seamen, of a lusty, able body, which made him the more haughty; he would always be contemning the poor people in their [sea] sickness, and cursing them daily with grievous execrations, and did not let to tell them, that he hoped to help cast half of them overboard before they came to their journey's end, and to make merry with what they had; and if he were by any gently reproved, he would curse and swear most bitterly.
But it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard. Thus his curses light on his own head; and it was an astonishment to all his fellows, for they noted it to be the just hand of God upon him.” |
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Definition
| Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford |
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Term
| What did John Winthrop write? and what type of work was it? |
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Definition
| "A Model of Christian Charity" which was a sermon |
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Term
| What was this about? Where was it given? |
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Definition
| It was given on a boat to the America's for religious hopes for the new colony. How Puritans would remain pure so that God would continue to bless the colonists |
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Term
| Which vocabulary term was expressed in this sermon and what does it mean? |
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Definition
American Exceptionalism
The belief that the United States was exceptional, favored by God/ history; that the US has a special place among Nations |
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Term
| What does he mean by the term liberty? |
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Definition
| to be generous and to be free |
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Term
| What metaphor does he use and what does it mean? |
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Definition
| People as ligaments of the body. people of the community are a group of people who form one body. |
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Term
1) Why are the Puritans in America?
2) What do their beliefs about community and property concern? |
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Definition
1) they are in America to form a religious and civil government
2) they believe in the purpose of the community is to promote the general good; purpose of property is to help others in need |
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Term
| Who is the model of Christian Charity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if people try to do things for the self or property and not for others? |
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Definition
| Then God will break the covenant, which will break the community |
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Term
| How does he use "brotherly love" as a message? |
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Definition
| the bond of a community is of passion, love and neighborly love is the path to salvation |
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Term
| "For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill." |
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Definition
| Since God put them there, they must be this City upon the hill. Meaning that they should be a model for other cities to look at and base their religion off of |
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Term
| “We must delight in each other, make others conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body.” |
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Definition
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Term
| “Thus stands the cause between God and us. We are entered into Covenant with him for this work. We have taken out a Commission; the Lord hath given us leave to draw our own Articles. We have professed to enterprise these Actions, upon these and those ends; we have hereupon besought him of favor and blessing. Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath he ratified this Covenant and sealed our commission, [and] will expect a strict performance of the Articles contained in it; but if we shall neglect the observation of these articles which are the ends we have propounded, and, dissembling with our God, shall fall to embrace this present world and prosecute our carnal intentions, seeking great things for ourselves and our posterity, the Lord will surely break out in wrath against us; be revenged of such a perjured people and make us known the price of the breach of such covenant.” |
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Definition
| This is explaining the covenant. And how God chose to put the puritans here to make the covenant. And it is based of Christian ideas, such as charity, generosity, love, and unity. And that if they fail at this, God will surely punish them. This is significant because this is what the puritans used as a justification as to why they were in the New World. |
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Term
| What in Anne Bradstreet's poems did she express that she may have doubted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What poems did Anne Bradstreet write? (5) |
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Definition
To My Dear and Loving Husband
A Letter to Her Husband Absent Upon Public Employment
Before the Birth of One of Her Children
Here Follows some Versus Upon the Burning of our House
To My Dear Children |
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Term
| “If ever two were one, then surely we” |
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Definition
| if there was the possibility of two people being one then it is them, there love in her opinion is so great. |
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Term
| Why is it important to note that she uses the word "if" many times? |
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Definition
| She writes as if she has such a great love, but doubts it by using "if" as if it may be love, but not the greatest |
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Term
| "flesh of my flesh, bone of my bone" |
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Definition
| She is overturning the analogy of genesis. She would allow herself to dissolve for a greater good, the best kind of love is biblical love, individual self interest is cast aside for the greater interest of a community. |
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Term
| "Compare with me ye women if you can" |
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Definition
| She’s pulling in the audience, initially she was very cocky about her love, then all of a sudden shows doubt and wants reassurance from the audience. |
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Term
| What kind of love is the best love according to Bradstreet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are all of the above quotes from and what is the theme of this poem? |
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Definition
To My Dear and Loving Husband
theme of two becoming one |
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Term
| A letter to her Husband Absent upon Public Employment is about? |
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Definition
| Her husband is away for public work and she is lonely |
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Term
| What kind of words does she use to make the viewer think she is lonely? |
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Definition
Geographical references ex: "sun" going where its slightly warmer
She looks at children and thinks of sex with husband |
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Term
Here Follows some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666:
What does Bradstreet say about her possessions |
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Definition
That it is okay for God to take them away because he gave her those things,
and this is God's plan, so it must be just |
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Term
| What is she having a hard time with? |
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Definition
| Worrying about what she needs in the moment versus God's plan for her future |
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Term
| Before the Birth of One of Her Children is about? |
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Definition
| Not emotionally, rather logistically about how she may die giving childbirth and if she does, that the children will be a reminder to her husband of their love |
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Term
To My Dear Children:
What does she confess here? |
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Definition
| That she is curious about Atheism and is unsure of a God |
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Term
| But what does she say about God? |
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Definition
| She has Godly knowledge and has seen it through others |
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Term
| What did Mary Rowlandson write? What term was used to describe this? |
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Definition
A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mary Rowlandson
Ostensibly |
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Term
| What happened to her and what was a remove? |
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Definition
She was taken captive from one of the attacks, in the town of Lancaster, during King Philip's War.
She spent 11 weeks captive and wrote about each place she moved to, referring it to a remove |
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Term
| Describe. "Turning her back on her home" |
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Definition
| going from a comfortable and structured place into the wilderness, a unfamiliar and unstructured place to her |
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Term
One of many times, Mary looks at her wrongs and tries to figure out why this is all happening to her. She discusses how she wasted many Sabbath days.
What does this show? (2 options) |
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Definition
o Shows the relationship between connecting earthly and biblical truth
o Or it shows her understanding of why this is happening to her |
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Term
| What does she refer the Indians as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Given an example of literary language she uses. |
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Definition
| She describes the Indians as "hell hounds" but doesn't really think of them literally as dogs |
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Term
| What does she have a cultural/mental transformation with? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Before I knew what affliction meant, I was ready sometimes to wish for it... 'For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every Son whom he receiveth' " |
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Definition
| Before she was captured, she sometimes wished for affliction because of biblical stories and how she see's so many weak and in need. Now that it has happened, she says it was God's path. |
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Term
| “I cannot but admire to see the wonderful providence of God in preserving the Heathen for farther affliction to our poor Country.” |
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Definition
| Is astonished at God for preserving the Indians as they give further pain to the country |
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Term
| "But God was with me, in a wonderful manner, carrying me along, and bearing up my spirit, that it did not quite fail" |
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Definition
| God is with us, even when we don't deserve him. Mary Rowlandson was bitter about everything that was happening |
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Term
What did Cotton Mather write?
What did he want to defend? |
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Definition
The Wonders of the Invisible World (WIW)
The old order of church authority |
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Term
| Who was he and what was he accused of? |
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Definition
| He was a Puritan preacher and was accused of helping to start the Salem Witch Trials |
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Term
| What did he believe about people and evil? |
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Definition
| That people need to rid the evil around them which lead to accusing people of living 'different' lifestyles |
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Term
Whose trial does he specifically write about?
"the person of whom the confessions of the witches, and of her own children among the rest, agreed that the evil had promised her she should be Queen of the Hebrews" |
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Definition
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Term
What did Jonathan Edwards write?
Who was he? |
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Definition
Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God (SHAAG)
A Pastor |
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Term
| What did he try to do with his sermons? |
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Definition
| tried to restore the original sense of religious commitment that he thought had been lost when the Puritans first came to America |
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Term
| What does he give the readers through his text |
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Definition
| ten considerations explained through biblical passages and examples |
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Term
| What does he proclaim about sin? |
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Definition
| That a man must save himself by immediately repenting his sins |
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Term
| What does Edwards use imagery to do? What does this mean? |
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Definition
to give the people a mental picture of God holding sinners above fiery pits of Hell
= eternal damnation for unsaved souls |
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Term
| How was he able to keep his followers from sin? |
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Definition
By using rhetorical devices such as imagery and metaphors to stress the importance of following his steps to avoid eternal damnation
used fear as a power of God |
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Term
| • “That the reason why they are not fallen already and do not fall now is only that God's appointed time is not come. For it is said, that when that due time, or appointed time comes, their foot shall slide. Then they shall be left to fall, as they are inclined by their own weight. God will not hold them up in these slippery places any longer, but will let them go; and then, at that very instant, they shall fall into destruction; as he that stands on such slippery declining ground, on the edge of a pit, he cannot stand alone, when he is let go he immediately falls and is lost.” |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Benjamin Franklin write? |
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Definition
The Way to Wealth
Information to Those Who Would Remove to America
Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America |
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Term
How would people quote him?
Why?
In which of his works? |
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Definition
by saying "as poor Richard says"
based on Poor Richard's Almanac
The Way to Wealth |
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Term
| What term does Franklin use a lot of? What does it mean? |
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Definition
A Maxim/Afforism
A concise statement containing a subjective truth or observation, cleverly written. (“The Lord helps those who help themselves.” - Help yourself & you will be rewarded |
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Term
| How does Franklin's writings contrast with John Winthrop's? |
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Definition
Winthrop says that an individual must do for the community not just for the self.
Franklin says you must do for the self in order for God to do for you. |
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Term
| Describe. "The sleeping fox catches no poultry" |
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Definition
| By doing nothing, you do not get anything, if you are alive you should be doing something |
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Term
| How does that way of thinking contrast with previous thoughts about God |
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Definition
| previously, like with Bradstreet, people believed that if you did not have possessions, it was because God did not want you to have them. |
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Term
| What does this new ideology suggest? |
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Definition
| That if you don't have things it means that you are not working hard enough. When you start working hard, God is going to help you |
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Term
| "In the affairs of this world, men are saved, not by faith, but by the want of it" |
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Definition
| Do not have faith for the people who will work with you, be suspicious and cautious for your own sake |
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Term
| "It is easier to suppress the first desire than to satisfy all that follow it" |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Franklin say about getting into debt? |
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Definition
| It limits freedom and is morally bad. an individual is free to be or not to be in debt |
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Term
| What is Franklin's "Information to Those Who Would Remove to America" about? |
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Definition
| telling those who want to move to America what it is really like |
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Term
| What is "general happy mediocrity" |
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Definition
| all peoples are equally happy with goods and resources in America, there are not many extreme riches or poor but they do exist |
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Term
| What does Franklin say about the government? |
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Definition
| All parts of government are necessary and that government is set up to maintain the freedom of men |
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Term
| What was America a land of? |
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Definition
| a land of labor, everyone had an opportunity to help build it and get jobs |
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Term
What is Franklin's "Remarks Concerning the Savages of NA" about?
What is the point of the essay? |
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Definition
He compares Indian society with White English in America
That savage behaviors are not linked to race but a set of behaviors. |
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Term
| In what ways is how he views Indians as "savages" different from past readings? |
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Definition
Past readings looked at "savage" racially concerning non-whites, less than fully human
He see's "savages" as a word about maners, those people who behave uncivil
(even whites can be savages at times) |
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Term
| What did Thomas Paine write? |
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Definition
Common Sense
The Age of Reason |
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Term
What was "Common Sense" about?
Why is it called Common Sense? |
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Definition
For America to be independent from Britain.
He is giving common sense and facts for people to agree on |
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Term
"The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind"
Why does he use the word cause? |
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Definition
| To translate the word America out of political entity and into an idea |
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Term
"The cause of America is the cause of a continent"
Which strategy is he using in these quotes? |
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Definition
The idea of America is big
to understand the cause of right is to understand the cause of the globe.
Strategy: to view America as a larger picture |
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Term
| "like a name engraved with the point of a pin on the tender rind of a young oak; the wound would enlarge with a tree, and posterity read it in full grown characters" |
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Definition
the idea will grow
"young oak" first generation of what will form and shape future generations |
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Term
| In the previous quote, how does Paine use "nature" |
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Definition
uses nature as naturality
this should happen naturally, therefore it shouldn't be messed with |
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Term
| What are the two things Paine does in "The Age of Reason?" |
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Definition
Expresses his hatred for slavery
Challenges institutionalized religion |
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Term
| Which term does he express here and what does it mean? |
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Definition
Deism
The Enlightenment Era's belief of reason as logic as the passkey to faith. |
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Term
What does Paine believe in?
What does he say about religion? |
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Definition
He believes in one God but not in religion
He says religion is created by man, not God |
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Term
| What does Paine say about Revelation and heresay? |
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Definition
| He says that a revelation is the firsthand account from God but that heresay is the second, third and beyond that may not be fully true |
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Term
| "I would advise you... not to attempt unchaining the Tiger, but to burn this Piece before it is seen by any other Person, whereby you will save yourself a great deal of Mortification from the Enemies it may raise against you, and perhaps a good deal of Regret and Repentance. If Men are so wicked as we now see them with Religion what would they be if without it?" |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of person is Thomas Jefferson?
What does he believe about slavery? |
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Definition
A Deist like Thomas Paine.
He is racist but believes that slavery is bad and that it impacts individual freedom. |
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Term
| What did Thomas Jefferson write? |
|
Definition
The Declaration of Independence
Notes on the State of Virginia: Religion & Slavery |
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Term
| “We hold these truths to be self evident” |
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Definition
| A truth does not need to be articulated, he doesn’t need to say it |
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Term
|
Definition
o Locke says “life, liberty, and property.” Pursuing property is within pursuing happiness.
o Jefferson says “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” This covers more, its more broad than just property. |
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Term
| Signed version versus Jefferson’s version of the ending |
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Definition
o Signed version is a pledging together but a firm projection on God and religion.
o Jefferson’s version is about the pledge together with laws of nature and nature’s laws of God. |
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Term
| Notes on the State of Virginia's two sections |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| common law is judge made law |
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Term
| What does he claim about religions? |
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Definition
Differing religions having no effect on people
it doesn’t matter what people believe, it doesn’t affect them. |
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Term
| What term does he use in the "Slavery" section? |
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Definition
| Negative capability- to exist in uncertainty and doubts; and being okay with it not being resolved. |
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Term
He says that people will ask… why not just free the slaves?
What are his reasons not to free the slaves? |
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Definition
o Prejudice from the whites and resentment from the blacks
o If we stop slavery, there will be a race war
o Natural color difference physically
• = Political, physical and moral reasons
• Uses natures laws to justify |
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Term
| It was assumed that laws were equal, but slaves were not considered equal and Jefferson wanted to change that, yet he still thought whites were better. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Moral considerations are determined by institutional considerations |
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Definition
| He cannot see that his beliefs cannot exist outside the constitution of slavery. He wants to, but he can’t |
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Term
| "But of all the views of this law none is more important, none more legitimate, than that of rendering the people the safe, as they are the ultimate, guardians of their own liberty. For this purpose the reading in the first stage, where they will receive their whole education, is proposed, as has been said, to be chiefly historical. History by apprising them of the past will enable them to judge of the future; it will avail them of the experience of other times and other nations; it will qualify them as judges of the actions and designs of men; it will enable them to know ambition under every disguise it may assume; and knowing it, to defeat its views." |
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Definition
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