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| Brownian palate; naturalistic and simple; void of straight lines; Birkenhead Park |
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| Between the beautiful and the sublime; art awakens nature; painterly qualities; attention to the appearance of natural order and asymmetry |
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| Overwhelming scales; raw texture |
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Style of Lancelot "Capability" Brown
Stowe
Circular clumps of trees, grassy meadow, serpentine lakes
Natural grace and beauty, but manmade |
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| Landscape gardener and self appointed successor to Capability Brown; continued to support the beautiful in the debate with night and price; later departed from Brown's principles and drew more on picturesque ideas; invented the term "landscape gardening" |
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| An early Picturesque landscape of 1744 based on Lorraine painting; follows the literary program of Lorraine, who was working with the allegory of Aeneas' journey through the underworld |
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| Designed by Lancelot Brown; pristine example of a change away from French, formal gardens to the naturalistic expression with mythological architectural references to earlier Graeco-Roman culture |
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| Designed by Joseph Paxton; grew out of social awareness that naturalistic open space is a necessity in urban environment; first public park in Brittain |
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| Known for his writing about the designed landscape of estates and was influential in the formation of urban parks and park systems; came before Olmsted |
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| Considered the father of landscape architecture; he and Vaux signed their names to the Central Park Plan competition as landscape architects; Birkenhead Park development and transcendentalism |
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| Statement about democracy in the mid 1800’s and the fountain was a biblical symbol meant to reference healing the social wounds caused by the Civil War; Olmsted design |
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| Showed the power of the private sportsman establishment to tie reclamation to the sport of hunting and fishing; hunters and fishers become stewards of the land |
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| Movement that stressed the importance of including public parks and attractive boulevards in the designs of cities; intended to help resolve some of the social ills of the industrial city and included provision for public parks and art |
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| Rider on another Congressional bill; involved the federal government in the area of landscaping and public parks |
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| Biltmore Estates, North Carolina |
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| Olmsted did design work here that became one of the first major large scale forest reclamation efforts that led to the first school of forestry under Gifford Pinchot |
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| Designed by Olmsted and Burnham in Chicago and used a classical “beaux arts” approach to architecture; celebrated education, technology, and commerce |
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| President Roosevelt's background |
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| As an avid hunter and conservationist, he backed Gifford Pinchot’s efforts to start a U.S Forest Service that would be placed in the U.S. Department of Agriculture |
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| Authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves; 46 million acres were saved; was somewhat replaced by the Antiquities Act |
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| Protected national monuments such as Devil’s tower and acknowledged Indian sites and artifacts as worthy of protection |
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| Father of US Forest Service |
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| Controversy over the damming of the Tuolumne River in Yosemite Park for San Francisco’s water supply was supported by Gifford Pinchot; first time environmentalists organized a national effort to fight for the environment |
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| Provided public domain land to states to entice them to build universities |
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| Allowed settlement of a 160 acre quarter section if a person lived on the land for five years |
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John Muir
Considered more of a preservationist rather than a conservationist;helped save Yosemite Valley and Sequoia National Park |
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| The father of national parks; helped draft the National Park Service Bill |
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| Director of the National Parks system and advocate for state parks; realized there needed to be a state level of parks that would keep local congressmen happy with local projects |
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| Positively impacted many of our early national parks, as they were able to advertise the scenery of the West and were able to build many of the early park lodges accessible by rail |
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| Bureau of Land Management (BLM) |
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| Established under President Truman by combining the Land Office and the Grazing Office in the Department of Interior; manages over 3 million acres of public domain land today; important tangent to talk of conservation |
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| Successful as a town planning effort because Francis Cabot Lowell recognized the cultural requirements of the working New England families |
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| Experiment in industrial order and community planning by the neighborhood features a design that was intelligent in 1880 and "smart" today; Pullman tried to repeat Lowell’s design but the people did not want to be managed and therefore mostly rejected the plan |
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| An early effort by the Lever Brothers to try and design a new town from scratch with the correct amount of civic and commercial space integrated with housing, adequate allotment gardens and park or green space |
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| Superblock was successfully used to create housing where most lots were linked to accessible green space with roads and cul-de-sacs on the periphery of the block. There was significant thought given to the automobile |
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(Ebenezer Howard)
6,000 acres total town country size unit
1,000 acres for a town of 32,000 people ( 1 ½ square miles)
Surrounded with 5,000 acres agricultural belt of land with:
2,000 people on sites for institutions, water supplies, agricultural colleges, etc.
6 wards with 5,000 people in each ward |
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| Garden City characteristics |
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Organized land dispersal
Limited town size (32,000)
Spacious layout
Close town/city relationship
Pre-planning of whole town framework
Creation of neighborhoods
Progressive municipal and co-operative enterprise |
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Believed it was the wealthy and powerful people’s duty to help the poor
Grew up on a Hudson River Valley estate in an area where Frederic Church had once created his great transcendental landscape paintings
Grew up seeing agriculturally abused landscapes
Came up with the New Deal |
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| Negatively impacted urban conditions; for example, the sheep in Central Park used for grazing had to be moved during this time period so people would not kill them for food |
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| Disliked people, but loved the great urban public projects that Roosevelt paid for, while Mayor Laguardia was a true lover of people; strong advocate of Urban Renewal which destroyed a number of sound community-driven neighborhoods; created a unique system of parkways and parks accessible by motorcar from NYC |
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| Community planning effort that supplied housing near towns where part-time work was available and provided for adequate vegetable gardens to supplement families with food; remain the grandest monuments today of Rex G. Tugwells work in the Resettlement Administration |
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| Divisions of the New Deal communities |
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Rural Rehabilitation
Rural Resettlement
Land Utilization
Suburban Resettlement |
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| Modeled after Williamsburg or country village concept; solar Orientation; half single family housing and half attached housing |
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A family-oriented small town organized into super blocks connected by pedestrian routes;
loop road wrapped around town center and recreation areas served as main entry into town |
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| Similar to Greenbelt with row houses but a few single family houses; shopping on N-S axis connected to green-space; pods of housing; positive response to drainage |
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| Federal Project One (Federal One) |
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New Deal program that encouraged pride in American culture by employing artists and writers; recorded history including many parts deemed too painful or embarrassing
Federal Art Project
Federal Music Project
Federal Theater Project
Federal Writers Project
Historical Records Survey |
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| Civilian Conservation Core (CCC) |
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| Aimed at putting people back to work on reclamation work in the rural environments of America; rebuilt many state and national parks; was operated under the Army during the evening |
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| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) |
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| Helped create REA, a rural electrification effort under F.D.R. that also served as flood control of the Tennessee River with around 16 dams; first public competition with private power industries |
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Extended infrastructure
Little road hierarchy
No employment nearby
Distant schools
Green space as leftover space
No fences were allowed so that backyards were somewhat oriented toward safe children’s play
Largely criticized for creating "cookie cutter" houses |
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Created the U.S. Housing Agency and the nation's first public housing program (Low Rent Public Housing Program)
Required wholesale removal of slums
Destroyed large urban areas of housing forcing people to other declining areas or by the 1950’s, white flight to the suburbs |
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| Practice of marking a red line on a map to delineate the area where banks wanted to invest during the Urban Renewal years; later the term was applied to discrimination |
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| Title One of the Housing Act 1949 |
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| Created slum clearance program that helped lead to the suburbanization of America and huge public housing projects devoid of the principles of town planning |
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| Serviceman's Readjustment Act 1944 (GI Bill) |
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| Operated with the Federal Housing Administration to put the government in the business of guaranteeing financing for developers first, and then risk-free individual mortgages for GIs that required little money down |
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| Theory of traffic generation |
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| Suggests building new urban highways simply increases traffic volumes |
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| Urban Renewal in Paris; worked under Napoleon III; created boulevards; cars are not necessary for living |
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| Advocated dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and frequently cited NYC's Greenwich Village as an example of a vibrant urban community; The Death and Life of Great American Cities |
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| Father of wildlife ecology; defined the fundamental skills and techniques for managing and restoring wildlife populations; Land Pyramid |
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| A continuous stretch of country preserved in its natural state, open to lawful hunting and fishing, big enough to absorb a two weeks’ pack trip, and kept devoid of roads, artificial trails, cottages, or works of man |
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Interrelationship of an organism to its environment
Man, plants/animals, soils, climate |
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Formal garden of french reached england in the 17th cnetury
became unfashionable in 18th century |
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Acknowledged to be the first publicly funded park in britain
open space is a necessity in a urban environment |
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| good example of a change away from french,formal gardens to naturalistic expression like graeco-roman culture |
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invented the term "landscape gardening"
began his career following browns ideas
drew more and more on pictureque ideas
designed the famous "picturesque" landscape in britian at blaise castle
created themed gardens |
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