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| A constitutional arrangement in which power is disturbed between a central government and sub-divisional governments, they both exercise directly over individuals. |
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| A constitutional arrangement that concentrates power in a central. |
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| A constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals. |
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| Powers given explicitly to the national government and listed in the constitution. |
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| Powers inferred from the express powers that allow congress to carry out its functions. |
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| The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence. |
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| The Clause in the Constitution(Article 1, section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or nations |
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| A requirement national government impose as a condition for receiving federal funds. |
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| All powers not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution. They also can be found in the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution. |
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| Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state government, such as the power to levy taxes. |
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| Full faith and Credit Clause |
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| The Clause in the Constitution(Article IV, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgement rendered by the courts of one states and to accept their public records and as valid. |
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| The legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
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| An Agreement among two or more states. Congress must approve most such agreements. |
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| A conditional doctrine that whenever conflicts occurs between the constitutionally authorized actions of the national government and those of a state and local government, the actions of the national government prevail |
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| The right of a national law or regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation |
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| People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels. |
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| People who favor state or local action rather than national. |
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| Powers expressly or implicitly reserved to the states. |
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| The effort slow growth of the national government by returning many functions to the states. |
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| A term the founders used to refer to polititcal parties and special interests or interest. |
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| A theory of government that holds that open, mutiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. |
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| A collection of people who share a common interest or attitude and seek to influence government and try to acheive their goals through tactics such as lobbying. |
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| A large body of people interested in a common issue, idea, or concern that is of continuing significance and who are willing to take action. Movement seek to change attitudes or institutions, not juts policies. |
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| A company with a labor agreement under whichy union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment. |
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| A company with a labor agreement under which union memberships can be a condidtion of emeploymet. |
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| An individual who does not join a group representing his or her interest yet receives the beneit of the group's influence. |
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| Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purpose related to that profession. |
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| Professional Associations |
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| How groups forjm and organize to pursue their goals or objectives., including how to get individuals and groups to participate and cooperate. The term ha smany applications in the various social sciences such as political science, sociology, and economics. |
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| Synonymous with "collective action" specifically studies how government officials, politicians, and voters respond to posiive and negative incentives. |
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| Engaging in activities aimed at influenceing public officical, especially legislators, and the polivies they enact. |
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| An offical documen , published every weekday, that lists the new and proposed regulations of excutive depoartments and regulatory agencies. |
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| A tactic in which PACs collect contrubutions from like-minded individuals (each limited to 2,000) and present them to a candidate or politcal party as a "bundle", thus increasing the PAC's influence. |
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| An employment cycle in which individuals who work for the government agencies that regulate interest groups or business with the same policy concerns. |
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| Relations among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and the government agencies that share a common policy concern. |
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| The political arm of an interest group that is legally entitled to raise funds on a volunatry basis form members, stockholders or employees to contributr funds to candidates or political parties. |
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| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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| A PAC formed by an officeholder that collects contributions form indivduals and other PACs and then makes contributuions to other candidates and political parties. |
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| Laargely banned party soft monsy, restored long-standing prohibition on corpations and labor unions use of general treasury funds for electoral purposes, and narrowed the definitions of issue advocacy. |
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| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) |
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| Monsy rasied in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purpose. Now largly illegal except for limited contibutions to states or local parties for voter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts. |
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| The supreme Court has rules the individuals, groups, and parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns fo or against candidate as long as they opertae independently from the candidates. When an indivdual, group, or party does so, they are making an independ expenditure. |
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| Unlimited and undisclosed spending by an indivdual or group on communtications that do not use words like "vote for" or "vote against," although much of this activity is actually about electing or defending candidates. |
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