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| the institution that has the authority to make decisions that are binding on everyone |
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| the authority to legally wield this coercive power to allocate values |
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| the power to authoritatively allocate values can be vested in a single person. |
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| power can be vested in a small group of people, like a military jnta |
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| broadly share power among all citizens |
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| soverignty belongs to all citizens |
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| government follows the course of action preferred by post people |
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| 50% plus 1 of all eligible citizens |
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| 50% plus 1 of those who vote |
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| the choice with the greatest support |
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| any group numerically inferior to the majority, and it retains the full rights of democratic citizenship |
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| individual preferences are given equal weight |
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| people should be free of class or social barriers and discrimination |
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| everyone should receive the same amount of material goods regardless of his or her contribution to society. |
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| citzens are the principal political deciaion makers |
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| a system of government where ordianry citizens do not make governmental decisions themselves but choose public officials to make decisions for them |
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| the rule of law and a constitution constrain elected representatives and the will of the majority from using their power to take away rights of minorities |
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| a consisten set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the appropriate role of government in society |
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| a psychological attachment to a political party |
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| tendency of ppl to believe their views are normal or common sense and shared by most people |
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| power is fragmented and districuted widely among diverse groups and interests |
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| declaration of independence |
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| lays the foundation of American constitutional theory |
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| articles of confederation |
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| served as the first constituion of the us |
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| potent group of people who wanted change |
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| rissted ratification of constitution. mainly subsistence farmers and small businessmen. |
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| outbreak of armed revolt by farmers and Mass who were resisting state efforts to seize their propoerty. some regarded this as threat to the country. |
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| first major proposal presented, formed basis of constitution. |
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| proposed one house legislature with eqaul state rep, similar to Articles of Confed |
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| proposed tow house legislature, witho house of rep apportioned on popularon and a senate with equal representation. |
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| published as a series of political essays under the pseudnym Publis with purpose of persuading New Torkers to ratify the Constitution |
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| a number of citizens whoare untied and actuated by some common implse of passion, or of interests, adverse to the right of other citzens or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. |
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| how can self interested individs adminstering strong gov powers be prevented form using those powers to destroy the freedoms that gov is supposed to protext |
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| representative government |
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| dispersal of power, aimed at pitting leaders against at one another. |
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| one branch can assert and protect ts own rights by withholding its support for the essential activiteis of another. they are dependednt on one another. |
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| different groups with different interests choose the personnel of the three branches |
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| constitutional division of powers between the national government and the states so that each level of government has some powers that are independtn of the other level. |
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| it should represent both poperty and the number of people |
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| protecting individuals against arbitrary government action |
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| occurs when practices and institutions not mentioned in the constitution evolve in respons to political needs and alter the structure, functions, or precoedures of the political system |
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| powers explicitly granted to gov or toa particular institution |
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| those not formally specified by the constitution bu are infereed from the powers that are formally specified |
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| those that are essential to the function of government |
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| the right of the pres to withhold info on matters of national sensititvity or personal privacy |
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| powers of the courtys to declare acts and actions of legislatures and exucutives unconsitutional |
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| the central gov is not soverign, it receives no direct grant of power from citizens |
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| only the central government is sovereign |
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| incolced a dispute over whether the central gov had power to create a national bank |
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| the authority to pass laws for the health, safety, and morals of their citizens |
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| powers that the national and state governments can exercise |
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| if a person accused of a crime flees across state lines, governor of the state must deliver criminal back to the state with jrisdiction over crime |
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| involves responding to constituents needs and demands, and informing and educating the public |
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| legislative oversight of administration |
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| tools that congress uses to control thea dminstative arm of government. including create or abolish exeutie branch agnecies, assign agencies particular program responsibilites, provide or withold fudning for gov programs, confirm presidential appointments to admistrative positions in the exec brnach |
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| the extent to which the policymaking behavior of the representative is congruent with the preferences of the constituents |
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| variety of tasks that legislators perform for constituents who request assistance in dealing with the federal governent |
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| allocation responsiveness |
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| using their position to see that their state or district gets a share of the benefits |
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| a waste of tax dollars that serve no purpose other than to aid the reelection of a single incubent |
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| largest to smallest constituencies |
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| geographical constituency, reelection constituency, primary constituency, personal constutency |
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| make decisions appropriate for the nation first than of their constituents |
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| simply do what their constituents want |
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| mix of both delegate and trustee |
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| requires a two thirds vote and is rarely used |
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| verbal condemnations expressing pubic disapproval of the member's actions by his or her colleagues |
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| vice present entitled to preside over the chamber, can only cast a ballot to break a tie. |
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| preside over the senate in absence of the vp |
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| most powerful person in the senate, elected by members of majority party. |
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| parallels that of majority leader, elected by party colleagues. |
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| speaker of the house of representatives |
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| wields considerable power, selected by majority party |
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| permanent panels with jurisdiction over particular issues and categories of legislation |
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| the ratio of majority to minority party members in the chamber |
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| appropriations, energy and commerce, rules, and ways and means. most desirable committees in the house |
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| highly prized and allow their members to wield tremendous power in congress |
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| not related to the bill under consideration |
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| attached to popular bills ina n effort to get a free ride thorugh the legislation process |
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| attached to popular bills ina n effort to get a free ride thorugh the legislation process |
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| establishes the conditions under which the bill will be considered |
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| permits any germane amendment |
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| only permits certain amendments |
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| committee consisting of everyone in the house |
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| temp committee composed of house and senate members that meets to reconcile differences in a bill that has passed both chambers |
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| chief executive is simply to implement the decisions of the legislature |
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| president as a astrong political actor independent of congress, with veto powers, the authority to appoint judges, and primary responsibility of foreign affairs |
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| roosevelt argued that the pres is the steward of the ppl and should do anything required by needs of the nation unless specifically prohibited by the constitution |
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| gov that plays a major role in meeting or preventing most major crises or problems faced by society |
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| executive office of the president |
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| EOP, pres's closest and most influential advisors |
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| office of management and budget, national security council, council of economic advisers |
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| presidents set up hierarchical lines of authority and delegates control through a chief of staff |
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| spokes of the wheel model |
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| president is in the middle acting as the hub while various advisors report directly to him |
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| legally binding presidential order directing federal agencies and officials on how to implement laws or policies enacted by congress |
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| provide the presidents interpretation of the language of the law, annouce constitutional imtis on the implementation of some of its provisions, indicate directions to executive branch officials on hos to administer the new law in an excceptable manner |
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| national security directive |
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| type of executive order with the force of law authorizing federal agencies or officials to take some action to protect national security |
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| public agnecies that translate the intent of democratic institutions into action |
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| government jobs at all levels are rewards for ppls loyalty to a politician or a party |
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| bases gov emplyment on competence rather than parisan fealty |
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| public agencies make decisions based on expertise rather than on political or personal considerations |
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| just below eop in bureaucratic hierarchy, 15, headed by secretary appointed by pres |
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| not under adminstrative control of a cabinet secretary |
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| regulatory agencies and commissions |
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| part of executive branch of gov but independent ofcabinet departments |
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| simplify, loosen or elimanate gov rules |
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| shift responsibility for a gov task to a nonpartisan arena in hopes of keeping it insulated from politics |
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| statement by a federal agency that interprets a law and prescribes the specific action an agnecy will take to implement that law |
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| the process of deciding axactly what the laws passed by congress mean |
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| process designed to estalish whether a rule has been violated |
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| stable relationships among a clientele group, the bureaucracy managing the programs that ffect that groups interests, and the congressional committees with jurisdiction over those programs |
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| networks of all the groups that share a particular policy interest. not as stable as iron tirangles |
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| humans consider possible alternatives until they find one that is good enough |
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| idea that citizens can exercise indrect contorl over bureaucracy |
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| monitoring that kicks into action once an alarm is raised |
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| constant monitoring to ensure that bureaucracy is acting in accordance |
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| bureau run for the benefit of those it is suppposed to regulate |
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| requre that bureau dcisions be made in public meetings |
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| provision in a law that allows congress to reject a proposed action by a public agency |
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| allows the pres to choose a wide range of subordinates |
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| ability to delay approved expenditures |
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| hiring a private organization rather than creating a government bueau to deliver a public service. creates accountablity problem |
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| relationship between congress, the pres, and the bureau. |
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| not knowing the abilities of an agent |
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| notknowing the effort of an agent |
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| authority of courts to interpret and apply the law in particular cases |
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| the limits and conditions under which courts exercise this power |
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| courts of original jurisdiction |
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| trial courts that hear cases the first time and make determinations of fact, law, and whether the plaintiff of defendant wins |
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| courts of appellate jurisdiction |
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| the decisions of lower courts that are appealed |
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| the authority to review lower court decisions and to declare laws and actions ofpublic officials unconstitutional |
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| committee of district and appellate court judges chaired by the chief justice of the supreme court |
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| a group of judges decides the case based on a review of the record of the lower court trial. courts of appeals |
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| case heard by all the judges in the circuit |
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| court formally exercises its discretionary powers over what cases to hear |
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| four of the nine justices must vote to reiew a case |
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| five or more justices agree on both which side wins and the reason for the decision |
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| written by justices who agree with the result but not the reasoning behind it |
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| a majority support the outcome, but lack of majority agreement on the reason may leave the meaning of the ruling unclear |
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| issued by justices in the minority. disagree with the reasoning and the result. |
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| gives senators from the state where the vacancy occurs the power to influence who is appointed in US distrit courts |
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| the period between when a pres nominations is received in the senate and when the nominee is confirmed or defeated |
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| the idea that justices hsould interpret the constitution in terms of the original intentions of the founders |
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| constitution was meant to be a dyanmaic doc whose meaning has to account for contemp social and political context |
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| deferred policymaking authority to other branches and levels of gov |
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| a more foreceful role in determining public policy thorugh broad constitutional interpreation |
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| legislative interpretation |
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| the court interprets a statute passed by congress and rules on the meaning or intent of the disputed section |
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| constitutional interpretation |
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| cannot be overturned by a simple statute |
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