Term
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Definition
| Individuals views about the fundamental nature of human beings, societs, the economy, and the role of gov, taken together they comprise the political culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals views and preferences about public policies, political parties, candidates, gov institutions, and public officials |
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Term
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Definition
| Political attitudes and core beliefs expressed by ordinary citizens as revealed by surveys |
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Term
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Definition
| an interview study asking questions of a set of people who are chosen as representative of the whole population |
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Term
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Definition
| the selection of survey respondents by chance, with equal probability of being selected, to ensure their representativeness of the whole population |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals come to have certain core beliefs and political attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| those institutions and individuals that shape the pore beliefs and attitudes of people |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of interrelated and coherently organized political beliefs and attitudes |
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Term
| Collective public opinion |
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Definition
| the political attitudes of the public as a whole, expressed as averages, percentages, or other summaries of many individuals opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that collective public opinion is rational in the sense that it is generally stable and consistent and that when it changes it does so as an understandable response to events to changing circumstances and to new info |
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Term
| presidential approval rating |
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Definition
| A presidents standing with the public indicated by the percentage of americans who tell survey interviewers that they approve a president's "handling of his job" |
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Term
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Definition
| people who favor private enterprise and oppose government regulation of business |
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Term
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Definition
| people who favor government regulation of business and government spending for social programs |
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Term
| social (lifestyle) liberals |
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Definition
| people who favor civil liberties, abortion rights, and alternative lifestyles |
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Term
| social (lifestyle) conservatives |
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Definition
| people who favor traditional social vaulues, they tend to support strong law-and-order measures and oppose abortion and gay rights |
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Term
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Definition
| citizens ideas about what policies they want government to pursue |
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Term
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Definition
| the policy of avoiding involvement in foreign affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| the stance toward foreign policy that suggests that the US should "go it alone" puring its national interests without seeking the cooperation of other nations or multilateral institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the stance towards foreign policy that suggests that the US should seek the cooperation of other nations and multilateral institutions in pursuing its goals |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of the media in scrutinizing the actions of government officials |
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Term
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Definition
| organizations such as the associated press and reuters that gather and disseminate news to other news organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to suggest that media corporations are so large, powerful, and interconnected that the less economically and politically powerful cannot have their views aired |
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Term
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Definition
| the merging of hard news and entertainment in news presentations |
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Term
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Definition
| the assigned location where a reporter reularly gathers news media |
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Term
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Definition
| inside or secret info given to a journalist or media outlet by a government official. |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt by those in political power to put the presentation of news about them and their policies in a favorable light |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt by public officials to have a story reported in terms that favor them and their policies... news management |
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Term
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Definition
| worth printing or broadcasting as news, according to editors judgments |
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Term
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Definition
| news reported with no evaluative language and with opinions quotes or attributed to a specific source |
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Term
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Definition
| somewhat derisive term for print, broadcast and radio commentators on the political news |
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Term
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Definition
| deviation from ideal standards such as representativeness or objectivity |
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Term
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Definition
| influencing peoples opinions about what is important |
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Term
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Definition
| providing a context for interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| the government's power to prevent publication of material to which is objects as opposed to punishment afterward |
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Term
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Definition
| the former requirement that television stations present contrasting points of view |
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Term
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Definition
| the former requirement that television stations give or sell the same amount of time to all competing candidates |
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Term
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Definition
| a private organization or voluntary association that seeks to influence public policy as a way to protect or advance its interests |
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Term
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Definition
| madison's term for groups or parties that try to advance their own interest at the expense of the public good |
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Term
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Definition
| a political scientist who views american democracy as best understood in terms of the interaction, conflict, and barganing of groups |
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Term
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Definition
| an interest group that seeks to protect or advance the material interests of its members rather than society at large |
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Term
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Definition
| an interest group that works to gain protections or benefits for society at large |
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Term
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Definition
| effort by an interest or advocacy group to influence the behavior of a public official |
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Term
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Definition
| an interest group organized to support a cause or ideology |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who attempts to influence the behavior of public officials on behalf of an interest group |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory positing that interest groups originate with changes in the economic, social, or political environment that threaten the well being of some segment of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of appropriating money for specific pet projects of members or congress, usually done at the behest of lobbyists, and added to bills at the last minute with little opportunity for deliberation |
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Term
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Definition
| latin for "friend of the court" describes a legal brief in which individuals not party to a suit may have their views heard in court |
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Term
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Definition
| the effort by interest groups to mobilize local constituencies, shape public opinion to support the group's goals, and bring that pressure to bear on elected officials |
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Term
| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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Definition
| an entity created by an interest group whose purpose is to collect money and make contribution to candidates in federal elections |
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Term
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Definition
| an enduring alliance of common interest among an interest group, a congressional committee, and a bureaucratic agency |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for an iron triangle |
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Term
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Definition
| broad coalitions of public and private interest groups, policy experts, and public officials that form around particular policy issues; said to be more visible to the public and more inclusive |
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Term
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Definition
| the common practice in which former government officials become lobbyists for interests with whom they formerly dealt in their official capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| a loosely organized group that uses unconventional and often disruptive tactics to have their grievances heard by the public the news media, and government leaders |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of nonreligious values and outlooks |
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Term
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
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Definition
| proposed amendment to the US constitution stating that equality of rights shall not be abridges or denied on account of a person's gender; failed to win the approval of the necessary number of states |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the number of groups involved in a political conflict; a narrow scope of conflict involves a small number of groups and a wide scope of conflict involves many |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of involving large numbers of people in a social movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of economic crisis in the US that lasted from the rock market crash of 1929 to america's entry into WWII |
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Term
| consciousness-raising groups |
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Definition
| meeting of small groups of women designed to raise awarness of discrimination against women and to encourage involvement in movement activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense that an individual can affect what government does |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of labor action in which workers stop production but do not leave their job sit |
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Term
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Definition
| intentionally breaking a law and accepting the consequences as a way to publicize the unjustness of the law |
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Term
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Definition
| policies encouraging the interaction between different races in schools or public facilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a committed supporter of a political party, also, seeing issues from the point of view of a single party. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organization that tries to win control of government by electing people to office who carry the party label |
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Term
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Definition
| a party's statement of its positions on the issues of the day passed at the quadrennial national convention |
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Term
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Definition
| a political system in which 2 parties vie on relatively equal terms to win national election and win which each party governs at one time or another |
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Term
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Definition
| a political system in which 3 or more viable parties compete to lead the government; because a majority winner is not always possible, multiparty systems often have coalition governments where governing power is shared among 2 or more parties |
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Term
| Proportional representation |
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Definition
| the awarding of legislative seats to political parties to reflect the proportion of the popular vote each party receives. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which one party supplants another as the dominant party in a political system |
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Term
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Definition
| the programs of the administration of president Franklin D. Roosevelt |
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Term
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Definition
| the informal electoral alliance of working class ethnic groups, catholic, jews, urban dwellers, racial minorities, and the south, that was the basis of the democratic party dominance of american politics from the New Deal to the early 1970s |
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Term
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Definition
| control of the executive and legislative branches by different political parties |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradual reduction in the dominance of one political party without another party supplanting it |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense of belonging to one or another political party |
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Term
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Definition
| the political position, combining both economic and social dimensions, that holds that the federal government has a substantial role to play in economic regulation, social welfare, and overcoming racial inequality, and that abortion and stem-cell rights of gays and racial minorities protected |
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Term
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Definition
| the political position, combining both economic and social dimensions, that holds that the federal government ought to play a very small role in economic regulation, social welfare, ann overcoming racials inequality, that abortion should be illegal and that family values and law and order should guide public policies |
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Term
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Definition
| control of the executive and legislative branches by the same political party |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which things cannot get done in washington, usually because of divided government |
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Term
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Definition
| people who identify with a party, vote in elections, and participate in additional party and party-candidate activities |
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Term
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Definition
| people who claim to be independents but consistently favor one party over another |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that a political party will take clear and distinct stands on the issues and enact them as a policy when in office |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of democratic election in which voters decide what government will do in the near future by choosing one or another responsible party |
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Term
| electoral competition model |
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Definition
| a form of election in which parties seeking votes move toward the median voter or the center of the political spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the voter at the exact middle of the political issue spectrum |
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Term
| electoral reward and punishment |
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Definition
| the tendency to vote for incumbent when time are good and against them when times are bad; same as retrospective voting |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of election in which voters look back at the performance of a party in power and cast ballots on the asis of how well it did in office |
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Term
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Definition
| a vote that is cast but not counted until determination is made that the voter is properly registered |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal right to vote; see suffrage |
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Term
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Definition
| the legal right to vote; see franchise |
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Term
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Definition
| representatives selected in each of the states, their numbers based on each states total number of its senators and representatives; a majority of electoral college votes elects the president |
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Term
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Definition
| a gathering of delegates who nominate a party's presidential candidate |
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Term
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Definition
| statewide elections in which voters choose delegates to the national party conventions |
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Term
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Definition
| the process for selecting delegates to the national party convention characterized by neighborhood and area-wide meeting of party supporters and activists |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of eligible or voting age americans who actually vote in a given election; the 2 ways of counting turnout yield different results |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures available in some states by which state laws or constitutional amendments proposed by the legislature are submitted to the votes for approval or rejection |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures available in some states for citizens to put proposed laws and constitutional amendments on the ballot for voter approval or rejection |
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Term
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Definition
| elected officials from all levels of government who are appointed by party committees to be delegates to the national convention of the democratic party; not selected in primary elections or caucuses |
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Term
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Definition
| representatives who are elected in the states to formally choose the US president |
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Term
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Definition
| more votes than any other candidate but less than a majority of all votes cast |
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Term
| text about political polling methods |
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Definition
uses systematic interviews conducted by trained professional interviewers who ask a standerdized set of question.
must make sure people are represented as whole population
statistics can use probability theory to tell how close the survey results are to normal
Sample survey and Random sampling |
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Term
| random sampling/challenges |
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Definition
for a whole national public not feasible
personal interviews clustered geographically
issues of wording
1. closed ended or forced choice
2. intensity and timing
3. sampling
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Term
Public opinion based by race
African American |
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Definition
african- believe voting is a duty and casting ballot makes difference
partisanship differ from white
mostly democratic
more liberal than whites on economic issues
strong religious values (conservative)
most diverse with white about affirmitive action (in favor) |
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Term
Public opinion based on race
hispanic |
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Definition
fastest growing ethnic group
democrats
47% to 13%
cuban- conservative, skeptical of gov programs
central american- liberal on economic matters |
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Term
public opinion based on race
asian americans |
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Definition
little over 4 percent of population
more educated and economically successful
less likely to vote and express an interest in politics
support death penalty and oppose same sex marriage
slightly more conservative |
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Term
Public opinion based on race
white ethnics |
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Definition
strong democrats from new deal coalition
not much different than white |
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Term
| Public opinion based on class |
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Definition
little political conflict
few americans think there is a social class
time of new deal low and moderate identify with democrats
lower income distinctive policy preferences: more gov help with jobs, education, housing, medical.
higher income oppose
low income- religious and cultural favor conservative view
higher- very liberal on lifestyle and social issues |
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Term
| public opinion based on region |
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Definition
all distinctive
southerners-less enthusiastic about civil rights,more conservative mostly republican
northeasterners most different from southeners
long term trends show less differences regionally on core beliefs and political attitudes |
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Term
| public opinion based on education |
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Definition
predicted the strongest single predictor of participation in politics
college more likely to vote, liberal, accepting of UN and gov to help
postgrad-protective of civil rights, liberties, indi fredoom for atheists, homosexuals, protesters and dissenter. |
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Term
| public opinion based on gender |
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Definition
in 1980s 10% more women democratic than men
more supportive of protective policies for the poor
opposed to violence, opposed to capital punishment
no gender gap on the issue of abortion |
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Term
| public opinion based on age |
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Definition
less likely to identify to a certain party
those who do lean towards democratic
has to do with the era they were raised in
concerned about the environment |
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Term
| public opinion based on religion |
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Definition
religious denominations- roman catholics: even
catholics: liberalism (economic)
majority protestants
evangelical protestants and mainstream more to be republican than democratic
no religion more democratic
more religious more republican less democratic |
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Term
| public opinion based on party |
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Definition
republicans favor big business and an assertive national security policy, against stem cell research, same sex marriage, abortions
democratics- help poor, racial minorities, regulate business for sonsumer protection and greenhouse gas emissions, gay right, abortion |
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Term
| what people know about politics |
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Definition
don't care and dont know much
most people attitudes are only loosely connected to each other
collective public opinion is much greater than indi
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Term
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Definition
those who say they trust the government to do the right thing "always" or "most of the time"
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Term
| recent opinions on the political system |
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Definition
2010- only 37% think US is headed in right direction
determined on congress
most say they are proud to US
state of economy is important
increase in "populist" anger towards large companies |
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Term
dimensions on public opinion
based from class |
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Definition
1. breadth- # of people want it
2. salience- how much people thinking about it, open ended questions
3.intensity- how easy to persuade you otherwise, how much it matters to you
4. stability- how stable is a set of opinions over time
5. translation into behavior- feel so strongly it impacts your behavior?
a) personal behavior b) voting behavior |
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Term
| influences on public opinion |
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Definition
1. media- public vunerable to amount and type of media
2. gradual social and economic change- pot legalized, gay marriages
3. focusing event- catastrophies
ex. columbine, 9/11 |
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Term
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Definition
most info that people get is from media
radio, TV, internet
democracy is dependent on how good the media does
1. watchdog over gov: expose anything they are doing
2. clarifying electoral choices: what the political parties stand for and how the candidates shape up
3. providing policy info: present a diverse, full and enlightening set of facts and ideas
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Term
| mainstream vs. non-mainstream media |
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Definition
mainstream media and forms of reporting remain at the center of the news operations that most affect american politics and gov
nationally prom newspaper ( wallstreet, ny times and wall st)
internet only reach small amount and if big enough will end up in the mainstream news media
non- internet easy access but not always correct
leading to decline in newspaper, radio, news tv
most visisted hard-news are traditional media org. like CNN |
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Term
| organization of news media |
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Definition
1.corporate ownership- owned by large media corp.
time warner-magazine general electric, disney, news corp and viacom: network cable clear channel: radio
2. uniformity and diversity: less and less of centralized view
3. profit motives:
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Term
| prevailing themes in political news |
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Definition
1. nationalism: anything in the world shows US in positive light. big with military
2. approval of the american economic system: approving free enterprise
3. negativity and scandal: anything involving political leaders
4. infotainment: more entertaining. ex paris hilt
5. limited, fragmented, and incoherent political info: distinctive features come from mass media themselves |
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Term
| why is media so powerful and important in american politics |
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Definition
big role in agenda setting
tells us what is important because its news
all based on opinion
big impact because of pictures
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Term
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Definition
1. a time of transition from one form of journalism to another very vulnerable and to misinformation
2. best solution: go to foreign media! |
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Term
| social movements and there goals |
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Definition
1. the abolitionists: end slavery
2. the populists: mostly farmers, goal to force public ownership of banks, grain storage companies, and railroads
3. womens suffrage: right to vote for women
4. labor movement: working people to ensure decent wages, benefits, and safe workplaces
5. civil rights: committed to nonviolent civil disobedience big tactic, formal end of segregation
6. contemporary antiwar movements: end war
7. womens movement: broaden participation of women in all aspects of society, economy, and politics
8.environmental movement: encourage gov regulation of damagin environmental practices and to raise the public envir. sympathies of public
9. gay & lesbian movements: same civil rights protections for african and other minority groups and gain respect
10. religious conservatives: people trying to infuse american society and public policies with their values. ex. (pro-life, anti-abortion)
11. antiglobalization movement: aimed at World Trade Organization
12. undocumented immigrants movement: give legal status to those presently living and working in the US illegally, allow more immigration into US from mexico, increase americans of positive role of immigrants
13. Tea party: tax deadline day, favor the rich at the expense of ordinary people rocked by economic troubles
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Term
| how social movements enhance american democracy |
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Definition
1. encouraging participation: instruments of outsiders
2. overcoming political inequality: letting people without substantial resources enter the game of politics
3. creating new majorities: province of numerical minorities
4. overcoming constitutional limitations and change: takes the energy and disruption of social movement |
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Term
| factors that encourage creation of social movements |
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Definition
1. real or preceived distress
2. availibility of resources for mobilization
3. a supportive environment
4. a sense of efficacy among participants
5. a spark to set off the flames |
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Term
|
Definition
1. sit down strikes
2. civil disobendiance
3. integration
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Term
| why do some social movements succeed and others dont |
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Definition
1. proximity of the movement goals to americans values
2. the movements capacity to win public attention and support
3. the movements ability to affect the political fortunes of elected leaders |
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Term
| low impact social movements |
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Definition
| not able to mobolize a large group of activists, had little support among the general pubic because of its fairly radical proposals, and was unable to disrupt everyday life significantly or to affect the electoral prospects of the politicians. |
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Term
social movements
characteristics
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Definition
loosely organized collection of people and groups who act overtime, outside established institutions, to promote or resist social change
1. political outsiders
2. unconvintional tactics
3. populated by intense believers
ex. civil rights
not to be confused with interest groups! much more broad |
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Term
| social movements lifecycles |
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Definition
1. coalescing stage: group gets together to solve problem. (bars, church, kitchen table)
2. agenda stage: attrack attention (media, money, policy makers)
3.intitutionalization stage: formal interest groups. policies may be made, leaders invited to elite
4. revitilization/fragmention: break up?
5. ceases to exist as social movement |
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Term
interest groups
contradicting views |
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Definition
they influence what government does
play an important role in US elections
a)thought of narrowly self-interested, not for the public good
pluralists see them as an additional tool of dem representation |
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Term
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Definition
Private interests: try to gain protection or material advantages from gov for their own member rather than the society at large
a) AARP, National Rifle association
b) business: yield enormous power
c) the professions: American Medical Association
d) Labor: protect the jobs of their members and secure maximum wages and benefits for them.
Public: an interest group that works to gain protections or benefits for society at large
a)advocacy group
ex. NAACP
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Term
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Definition
interest group representatives talking to legislators in the lobbies outside house and senate committee rooms
1. one on one persuassion
2. understand and sympathize
3. dont get a lot of media attention |
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Term
| tacticts with the outside game |
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Definition
mobilize local constituencies and shape public opinion to support group to put pressure on the elected officials
1. mobilizing membership
2. organizing the district
3. shaping public opinion
4. getting involved in campaigns and elections |
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Term
| inequalities amongst interest groups |
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Definition
1. representational
2. resource
3. access
4. the privileged place of business corporations |
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Term
| Interest group strategies |
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Definition
1. lobbying
*direct: in person contact with policy makers by proffesional lobbyists
*indirect: when an interest group appeals to its members (email)
2. orchestrated events: rally, races,
*attrack attention
3.media campaigns: long term, to impact public opinion
4. filing law suits: going through judicial branch
*can be most affective
5. electoral activities: endorsments/activities
*political action committee= raise spending |
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Term
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Definition
| all groups joining and driving policies |
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Term
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Definition
| so many groups on an issue you reach a traffic jam |
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Term
| Political parties role is democracy |
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Definition
1. keep elected officials responsive
2. Stimulate political interest
3. ensure accountability
4. help people make sense of complexity in politics
5. make gov work |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. The Whig Party 1834-1856
2. democratic 1832-present
3. republican 1854-present |
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Term
| electoral rules and two-party system |
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Definition
| electoral rules: the kinds of rules that organize elections help determine what kind of party system exists . Which rules are chosen, then have important consequences for a nations politics |
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Term
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Definition
really small part of US only group to change was the republicans only 6 have been able to win 10% of popular vote and 7 to manage a win in single state
1. protest parties
2. ideological parties
3. single-issue parties
4. splinter parties
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Term
| why we have a 2-party system in US |
|
Definition
1. tradition
2.consensual political culture
3. Electoral rules
4.dominant parties good at stealing other parties ideas |
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Term
realignment
what happened in 1932 |
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Definition
~shift in power for one party to another
fundamental shifts with long term effects
party dominance that lasts for decades
1932- ended era of republicans and shifted to democratic rule in congress |
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Term
|
Definition
A movement among voters toward nonpartisanship, resulting in a weakening of party structure.
1. low voter turnout 2. wide feeling of distruct and alienation in poll office 3. more people chanign to unaffilated party
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Term
| voting models and characteristics |
|
Definition
1. the prospective (responsible party) voting model:elections should present a real choice, people capable of decided the gov.
2. electoral competition voting model: (median voter) unified parties compete for votes by taking the most popular positions they can
3. The retrospective (or rewards and punishment) voting model: voters judge how well a group in power has governed and decide if they want this group to continue in office |
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Term
| how american elections differ |
|
Definition
1.elections are numerous and frequent
2. elections are separate and independent from one another
3.inconsistent election procedures and vote-counting
4. elected positions have fixed terms of office
5. elections are held on a fixed date
6. first past the post wins |
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Term
|
Definition
1. barriers to voting
2. too much complexity
3. weak voter mobilization by the parties
4. a decline in competitive elections |
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Term
|
Definition
politically active tend to be higher income and formal education
today pretty even between race of who votes
hispanics dont vote
younger 18-24 is at 52% and older 65-74 at 72%
today women vote more than men |
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Term
| money in general elections |
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Definition
crucial role
comes from individuals, candidates, political action committees, political parties |
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Term
electoral college
how it works
how to win |
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Definition
1.every state appoints # of electors
2. same # as rep in congress
3. colorado has 9 both dem. and rep.
4. states colored based on who wins
5. 48 states gives all votes to either side dependin
* to win must get 270 in electoral college! |
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Term
| Arguments to Electoral college |
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Definition
pro:
1.wide distribution of support
2. encourages a 2 party system
3. enhances small states votes
con:
1. undemocratic
2.risk of "faithless" elector |
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Term
| the volatile voter phenomenon |
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Definition
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Term
| Groups included in Democratics "big tent" |
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Definition
1. roosevelt coalition
2. environmentalists
3. contemporary liberals
4.women
5. the gender gap |
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Term
| groups in republicans "big tent" |
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Definition
1. white wealthy
2. rural
3. men
4. conservatives
5. since 1979: evangelical christians
6. tea party is very conservative republican section
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Term
| role and prospects of 3rd parties |
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Definition
1. get issues on the agenda
2. uphill battle in elections |
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Term
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Definition
| a meeting, tuesday evening, neighborhood based, count how many people are caucausing their registered candidate, determines how many delegates each will get to send to iowa |
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Term
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Definition
all day election
cast your vote that you want to be the nominee
the closed primary: only registered repubs or registered dems
Open primary: ask for either ballot
blanket primary: ballots are combined (NH) |
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Term
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Definition
announcement
caucus/primary: winter/spring before election
2nd primary: makes or breaks a candidate
National convention: summer of presidential year or by labor day
general election campaign: fall
election: tuesday after the 1st monday in Nov. |
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Term
| what happens at National Conventions |
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Definition
1. formally nominate presidential candidate
2. unvail running mate
3. vote on platform
*if you run a good convention you get the "bounce" or public favorite |
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Term
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Definition
policy position in a document
*written by party activists |
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