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| Small gatherings of individuals used to test ideas before marketing |
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| individual in a position of authority, often those with a higher level of education than the population at large |
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| opinions held by private individuals that governments find it prudent to heed |
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| the dominant values and beliefs of a political community |
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| an unscientific survey of popular views |
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| the process by which individuals come to adopt the attitudes, beliefs, values, and opinions of their political culture |
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| the impact of age-related factors in the formation of political attitudes, opinions, and beliefs |
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| the impacts of events experienced by a generational cohort on the formation of common political orientations |
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| the member's of one's own generation |
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| systematic variation in political opinion that exists between males and females |
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| the attribute of a individual's opinion that indicates a preference for or against an issue |
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| the attribute of a individual's opinion that indicates how central an issue is to one's daily concerns |
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| the attribute of a individual's opinion that indicates how strongly an issue is held |
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| the attribute of a individual's opinion that indicates how consistently an issue is held |
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| the attribute of a individual's opinion that measure the amount of one's knowledge concerning an issue |
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| A campaign poll that measures a candidate's strength at the time of entrance into the electoral race |
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| A campaign poll that measures the popularity of competing candidates in a particular electoral race |
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| campaign polls that measure candidates' relative strength on a daily basis |
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| campaign tactic that attacks an opponent while pretending to be a poll |
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| interviews of voters as the leave the polling place |
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| any poll using proper sampling designs |
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| the individuals whose opinions are actually measured |
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| the people whose opinions are being estimated through interviews with samples of group members |
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| a maple design that each individual in the population has a known probability for being included in the sample |
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| technique of drawing a sample for interview in which all members of the targeted population have the same probably of being selected fro the interview |
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| systematic random sampling |
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| a sample design n providing that each individual in the population has an equal chance of being chosen after the first name of number is chosen at random |
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| the measure of the degree of accuracy of a poll based on the size of a sample |
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| polls that are unreliable because they fail to use proper sampling and good question construction |
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| the wording of a question to suggest a particular answer directed by the pollster |
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| the generation of opinions by a poll that do not exist in reality. Uninformed poll responses |
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| the view that government officials look out mostly for themselves |
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| the beliefs that in individual's actions have an impact on the political process |
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| a cohesive set of beliefs tat form a general philosophy about the role of government |
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| political philosophy that combines a belief in person freedoms with the beliefs that the government should intervene in the economy to promote greater equality |
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| political philosophy that rests on the belief in tradition institutions and a minimal role for government in economic security |
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| political philosophy expressing support for quality and for traditional social values |
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| political philosophy that espouses strong support for individual liberty in both social and economic areas of life |
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| one who thinks about politics almost exclusively through the prism of his or her own perspective |
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| using purchasing decison to sippor the products and polticies of bussniess |
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| the theory that states choices are based on our indivudaual assessment of costs and benefits |
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| Those wo enjoy the benefits from activities without paying the costs of participation |
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| psychological predisposition toward or interest in politics |
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| internal politcal efficacy |
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| external political efficacy |
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| strength of party identification |
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| a term that ecpresses the notion that little is required of citizens besides their cash |
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| tendency tp trie of the process of voting as a result of frequent elections |
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| the practive of making a poltical or social statemtn with one's buying power |
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| a plan of action for advacing one's policies by working directly with influential poltical insiders |
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| a plan of action for advacing one's policies by building popular support for one's cause |
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| an organized group seeking to rpomote and create advatages for its cause |
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| an organized contesllation of groups seeking wide-ranging social change |
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| those advocating policies they believe promote the good of all American and not merley the economic or idealogical interests of a few |
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| tatcic for influencing public deicisons for private purposes, usally employing personal contact with elected officials |
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| groups organized around broad public goals but without local chpaters and often without formal membership |
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| indivual who develpos support for latent causes or projects that have not yet gained widespread popularity |
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| a group's overall plan for achieving it's goals |
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| specific actions that groups take to implememt strategies |
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| term refrerring to the back-and-forth ovement of individuals between government and interest group employment |
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| a deicison-making traingle dominated by interest groups, congressional comittees, and executive policies that are mutally beneficial |
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| deicision making sturcte consisting of policy exprets including lobysists, members of congress, bureaucrats, and policiy speacialists from think tanks and universities |
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| political action commitees (PAC's) |
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| organized finanacial arms or interest groups used to collected and itribute money to candidated fro elective office |
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| political action committees set up by political leaders as a mean to finance the campaigns of political allies whom the believe will reciprocate with support for their own ambitions |
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| tax-exempt ogranization set up by interest groups to engage in poltical activites |
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| poltical disadvantage theory |
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| view posting that groups are likely to seeked remedies in courts if they do not suceed in the electoral process |
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| te practice of organizing citizen support for a group's policy or candidiate's preferences |
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| mobilizing the grass tops |
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| mining databases for high-status community leaders for purposes of contacting legilatures in key districts regarding the sponsering group's position |
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| using deceptive practices and lack of transparency to manufactire grassroots support for an issue important to a patricual set of unidentified interests |
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| organizations created for the purpose of winning elections an governing in office |
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| a strong party organization headed by a party boss |
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| a merit-based system of employement and personnal management employed by the government |
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| practive of voting for candidates fom different parties instead of voting straight party ticket |
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| electoral system in which the candidate recieving a plurality of votes wins the election to represent the district |
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| have more votes than any other candidate; may not mean a majority |
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| Principle asserts that single-member district elections lead two-party systems |
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| politcal parties tat form as offshoots of major poltical parties, usually by dissenters |
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| change in the support of voter groups that identify with each party that results in the strength of each patry being aletered |
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| name appled to all election that signal importan changes in poltical party support associated with party realignment |
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| local party officals furing the heyday of party poltics who often traded favors for votes |
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| Constelation of social goups that became the core base of support for the Democratic party after the elction of FDR |
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| recent trend in which a majoriy of women vote more consistently for the democrats while males vote for republicans |
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| money that is outside the federal regualatory framework but raised and spent in a manner suggesting possible intent to affect federal elections |
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| compaign money recieved by candidiates or parties tat can be used for any purpose |
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| legislative districts that regualry remian in the hand of the same candidate or party |
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| the geogrpahic area served by a polling place and organized by local party units |
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| election in which voters choose candiate to represent the piktical patyies in the general elecrion |
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| electio nin which voters can shoose from potentiall nominees only within their own party |
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| election in which voters can soose to vote from their own party or those from the other major poltical party |
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| election in which voters can choose form among pontential nominees in both parties; OUTLAWED |
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| 2nd election between top two vote-getters in a race that did not produce a majority winner |
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| campaign style emphasiziing close persoanl contact between candidate and voters |
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| oting choice made on the basis of antiicapted results in candiate of choice is elected |
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| voting on the basis of party or candidate record in office |
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| practice of searching for events in candidate's records or personal lives that can be used to attack them during elections |
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