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| clicking noises, oldest language in the world, originated from the Khoi & Bushmen of East Africa |
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| from europe & eastern asia, small, "evolutionary dead-end" |
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| anatomically modern human beings, oldest remains found in Ethiopia from about 20,000 |
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| trade: iron & bananas - one piece of evidence of their spread. The primary evidence for this great expansion, one of the largest in human history, has been linguistic, that is that the languages spoken in sub- equatorial africa are remarkably similar to each other |
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| ancient language of ethiopian church and aksumite kingdom. semetic language from northern ethiopia |
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| Aksumite Kingdom/ Kingdom of Aksum |
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| trading civilization, stone palaces & churches, northern ethiopia, christian kingdom under ezana, trade with roman empire and india |
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| King of Aksum, converted to christianity, made it official religion of Aksum (4th century). Destroyed Meroe. |
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| King Lalibela (began construction on holy city of Lalibela), state funded religious construction/ expansion, centralized community. Lasted over a hundred years. |
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| center of christianity, signed a treaty to stay Christian with the Arabs. Eventually invaded by Arabs and Islam was taught. |
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| conquered Egypt, created city of Alexandria, put general Ptolemy in charge who then became pharaoh and created the Ptolemaic Dynasty. |
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| iron working, created own linear script, capital of kingdom of kush, located in today Sudan on Nile River. Destroyed by King Ezana |
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| "governor" or King of Egypt, commander of Ottoman army, "founder of modern Egypt" b/c of the reforms of military, economic & culture. Dynasty lasted 1000 yrs. Made Egypt a powerful Euro state by building an army of 200,000 ppl, new schools, cotton trade & irrigation systems, & creating factories & industrial enterprises. -killed 1000s of Memeluks -tried to expand east, but was pushed back by European powers. |
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| christian church of egypt |
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| "new city" of tunisia, copper & iron working, trading, farming, North Africa destroyed by Alexander the Great |
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| arrived with ottoman turks as slaves in Egypt. Revolted, took over egypt, but with minimum control- no absolute power. |
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| a truce between Arabs (kingdom of Makuria) & christians of Nubia which included 360 slaves/ yr (from Nubia) for egyptian products and agreement to respect eachother's traders |
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| Egyptian military leaders, resentful of European control over Egyptian government, attempt to dethrone the new king, Tewfiq (Isma’il’s son), seize control of the government, and expel the Europeans |
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| Khoisan (oldest), Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic (Hebrew, Arabic), and Niger-Congo (largest, Swahili, Zulu, Bantu) |
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| lack of rainfall, lack of fertile soil (no volcanic activity), & disease |
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| christianity, judaism, islam, and traditional. |
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| -bananas- versatile- beer, wine, mashed, fried, produces a lot of food and can handle many conditions (tolerant) |
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| -iron- used to clear trees & farm, molded iron, made kiln (innovative techniques) |
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| greatest ruler of ethiopia/axum since Ezana |
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