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| Barrier between North Africa and rest of Africa. Prevents trade and conquest for extended time (with the exception of the Berbers and eventually the Moroccans) |
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| geographic zone of transition inbetween savanna and sahara |
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| rain forests, jungle environment featuring open canopy |
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| geographic region just south of the "Sahel;" located in the Savanna; "land of the blacks" |
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| Ghana/Mali (shared significance) |
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| kingdoms with huge reserves of gold; home of the Asante (Ashanti), |
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| empire located on the Niger River; replaced Mali as the dominant empire in the region (late 15th century); control of Taghaza (salt producing region); comes under the control of the Moroccans in late 16th century |
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| First to trade with the Portuguese when they enter the region; dominated the coastal gold trade from the 15th to 19th centuries |
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| A city set up on the Gold Coast to specifically facilitate trade between the Akan and the Portuguese; late 15th century |
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| Spanish law giving permission to other countries to sale slaves in Spanish colonies; 16th to 19th centuries |
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| major source of slaves for Portuguese in 16th century; enemy of the Ndongo |
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| title of the ruler of the Kongo Kingdom |
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| Nzinga Mbemba (Dom Affonso) |
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| (16th century) Kongo King who converted to Christianity due to Portuguese influence; faced bitter rivalry with brother |
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| 16th century professional slavers operating in the Kongo area; main resource used by Portuguese to capture slaves |
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| 15th to 17th century; plantation island founded by the Portuguese to facilitate trade (slave and otherwise) |
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| 16th century rivals of the Kongo Kingdom; supported by Sao Tome |
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| 17th century queen of the Ndongo (Angola); resisted Portuguese control; eventually defeated because of her resistance to the slave trade |
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| founded in 16th century; main trade hub for Portuguese in the Angola area |
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| organizational unit involving an agent living permanently in a coastal town to facilitate trade |
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| unit of measure equivalent to one half-ounce of gold; used as accounting in systems of bartering |
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| the price paid to African rulers to permit the trade of slaves within their territory |
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| Also known as Ashanti tribe; took control of the Akan in the early 18th century; amassed wealth through slave trade; resisted European colonization |
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| Kingdom founded in 18th Century; famed for female corps of soldiers |
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| important slave trading town for the Portuguese |
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| 18th century slave who wrote abolitionist memoirs to raise support for the banning of the slave trade |
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| 16th century explorer that sailed from Europe to India |
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| major Swahili city-state that existed solely for the gold trade |
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| important Swahili trading town; sacked by Portuguese in the early 16th century; evidence of trade with China and Muslim worlds |
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| Barbaric armies of displaced Lundu that raided many Portuguese colonies on the Mozambique coast during the late 16th century |
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| Decentralized nomadic peoples that inhabit the Sahara; maintained control on trans-Saharan trade throughout much of African history |
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| Islamic empire who's responsible for the majority of the Islamic influence in Africa |
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| 7th century conqueror responsible for the formation of the Maghreb |
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| Battle of al-Ksar al-Kabir ("Battle of the Three Kings") |
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| Late sixteenth century battle that pitted Portuguese king against Moroccan king. Both kings died in battle, leaving Ahmad al-Mansur in charge of Morocco once the dust cleared. |
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| Late sixteenth century ruler who claimed his throne at the Battle of the Three Kings; notable for capturing Songhay Kingdom across the Sahara to control gold trade |
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| Brand of Berbers living in Timbuktu; known as Muslim scholars |
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| Valuable salt mines located in the Sahara and controlled by the Songhay until their defeat by Morocco |
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| Slave general who captured Gao, Taghaza, and Timbuktu for Morocco in late 16th century |
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| An ethnicity of people that emerged from Moroccan invaders mixing with Songhay populations; ruled Songhay empire |
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| North African territories claimed by France in the late 19th century due to the resistance of Abd al-Qadir. |
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| pirates who are treated as combatants in war, due to their affiliation with a crown; Barbary pirates interrupted many trade interactions between Europe and Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries |
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| created the largest resistance to French colonization in the areas of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli; held off for 18 years, and prompted the creation of the Foreign Legion; late 19th century |
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| Legion of non-French citizens fighting for the French government in the late 19th century; created to capture the territories of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli |
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| Late 19th century; group of peasant farmers who were encouraged to immigrate to French Algeria and the surrounding territories by the French government |
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| A Central Asian ethnic group that dominates Egypt's ruling class until the early 16th century. Conquered by Ottomans, but have a presence in Egypt much later. |
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| French General, late 19th century, that invades Egypt. His fleet is destroyed and flees (alone) after 1 year, leaving his army to stick around in Egypt for 3 years. |
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| After the French leave Europe, the Ottoman Empire sends this man to reclaim their territory. Attempts to modernize Egypt in a European fashion. He eventually invades Sudan. |
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| Project that puts Egypt on the map; a bankrupt Egypt must sell stakes in this project to European powers to stay afloat |
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| A caliph of Egypt that bankrupts the economy by pursuing frivolous shows of Egyptian grandeur, aggressive military expansion (Nile Valley, Ethiopia), and inconsequential building projects (palaces). Late 19th century. |
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| Son of Khedive Isma'il; installed on the throne by Ottoman Sultan (at the behest of the French and British) as a puppet caliph |
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| Egyptian general who revolts against non-Egyptian rule in the late 19th century. Above all, wants Egypt's outstanding debt forgiven for projects that were not approved by the Egyptian citizenry. |
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| Religion that came to dominate many parts of Africa. Spread through commerce and conquest. Reasons for conversion: provides a sense of trust between merchants; comes with law code (sharia); brings literacy; powerful religious forces |
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| 1.) Allah is the one God and Mohommed is his prophet. 2.) Make a pilgrimmage to Mecca. 3.) Pray 5 times a day. 4.) Fast during the month of Ramadan. 5.) Give alms to the poor. |
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| Islamic law that relegates familial, criminal, and religious matters. This is the ultimate goal of many religious reformers in the late 19th century. |
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| A war fought on a spiritual or physical front. |
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| Unorthodox Islamic mysticism, with curiously high number of followers leading military campaigns during the late 18th-early 19th centuries. Organized into "orders" or "brotherhoods." Capable of mobilizing many people. |
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| A specific brotherhood in Sufism. Spread as far as the Ottoman empire had spread by the 17th century. |
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| largest Sufi order in West Africa |
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| Pastoralists who come in two flavors: red (polytheist) and black (muslim). The red variety tend to be nomadic; the black, agriculturalist. Peculiar settlement strategies lead to highly effective Jihads and conquests throughout the mid to late 18th century. |
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| The first Fulbe upheaval happened here in the mid 18th century. |
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| The Black Fulbe overthrow the Red Fulbe in this city. Late 18th century. |
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| Belonging to the Qadariyya sufi order, this Fulbe from the Hausalands, founded the greatest Islamic Fulbe "empire" by conquering all of the Hausalands. |
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| People who were conquered by Usuman dan Fodio in the early 19th century. Converted to Islam. |
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| one of the original seven kingdoms of the Hausalands; site of an attempted assassination against Usuman dan Fodio; Usuman dan Fodio began preaching here |
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| the declaration of non-belief in Islamic law; permitted Jihad against non-muslim opponents and muslim enemies who were made to seem to be just assuming an Islamic facade |
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| After the death of Usuman dan Fodio, the central point in his empire becomes the Sokoto Caliphate |
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| Governors who ruled on behalf of the Sokoto Caliphate; began acting more like kings than governors, producing a legacy of Fulbe leaders over Hausa populations |
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| the son of Usuman dan Fodio, and the first to take the Sokoto Caliphate in mid 19th century. |
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| a fulbe scholar and disciple of Usuman dan Fodio; conquers muslim ruler of Massina by declaring takfir; conquers Segu kingdom as well. |
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| Empire created by Ahmadu Lobbo that spread throughout present day Mali; late 19th century |
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| the last great Islamic reformer in the late 19th century; founds the Tukolor empire. Attempts to take over Senegal River region, but is rebuffed by the French. Conquers the Massina Empire. |
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| Empire founded by al-Haj Umar Tal in the late 19th Century; absorbs Massina Empire |
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| Juula conqueror who takes over the headwaters of the Niger. Forces followers to convert to Islam, but this is a loose conversion. Forced out by the French in the late 19th century. |
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| Islamic traders that developed methods of dealing with non-Islamic rulers in their mercantile endeavors; unique combination of long-distance commerce, Islamic scholarship, and religious tolerance helped Islam to spread throughout West Africa |
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