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| ancient zimbabwe civilization |
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| pan Africanism film festival, Ouagadougou- major hub for Afican cinema, hydro electric power |
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| windsurfing, fastest wind recorded |
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| Felix Houphouet-Boigny - president - father of independance |
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| slave trade still existent |
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| first black African country to gain independance from colonial rule |
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| continuing loosing land due to desert |
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| the country is very underdeveloped, lost potential |
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| contains the westernmost point of continental Africa |
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| first nuclear weapons program |
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| Nigeria- nobel prize mostly playwrite |
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| Egypt- nobel prize winner, wrote about contempory issues |
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| South Africa- nobel prize winner, jewish background, critical of Apartheid |
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| 1898; southern Sudan; French there first; Kitchener and British demanded French leave; no battle,heated arguments, french eventually left |
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| Harrero tried to resist colonial power, Germany's General Von Trotha and army came and slaughtered all the Herero ppl, 75,000 pll died |
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| Leopold II vs. Congo people |
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| Leopold was mutilating people that weren’t working hard enough. Very bad |
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| Tanganyika - Maji Maji uprising |
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| slaughtered by Germans; 1905; leader sprinkled troops with holy water to protect them from German bullets; didn’t work; they were mowed down; very sad |
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| rose up in Ghana; seven wars; British eventually won; tough battles; resisted so long because they had a strong king and strong unity among the people |
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| (Muslim leader in Sudan) thought he was the direct descendent of Mohammad; General Gordon had a British contingent and in Khartoum; Mahdi wiped out all of Gordon’s troops; Kitchener was sent to defeat the Mahdi and followers; fought at Omdurman (Winston Churchill witnessed battle as young journalist); British procrastinated b/c Gladstone was the prime minister and resisted imperialism; he lost election and Disraeli was put in power and complete opposite; fully back British expansion and imperialism |
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Zulu - beat British
leader was Cetewayo; victory didn’t last long; British eventually took over and wiped them out |
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| initial fame from action in China; three great victories: defeated the Mahdi, beat the French at Fashoda, and defeated the Boers |
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| 1896; site where Menelik II defeated Italy; 1936 - Mussolini finally defeated Ethiopia; used aerial bombing and poison gas; Haile Selassie - leader of Ethiopia at time; pleaded with League of Nations to go against Italians for this; they paid him no attention because it was during time of World War II |
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| British liberated Ethiopia |
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| was the center of RR construction for British; Kenya only seen as way to get to Uganda (the pearl of East Africa); British built RR from Mombasa to Lake Victoria; Nairobi became center of commerce and industry; halfway point right before hard stretch of Rift Valley; Indians were used for labor on the RR; Elliot decided that land was fertile and wanted to make Kenya a white country; was 2nd commissioner of British East Africa; Delamere - Scotsman who brought sheep to Kenya they thrived; British stole choice land from Kikuyu people |
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| was the first African nationalist movement |
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| 1920s organized the Young Kikuyu Association to challenge the British seizure of the land; became East African Organization |
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| heavily influenced by Thuku; member of the Church of Scotland; had disease; became Christian and literate; questioned white superiority; worked as court interpreter in Nairobi; 1928 changed name and went to England to study; became involved in many Indian nationalist movements; lived in London for 15 years off generosity of his friends; critical of missionaries and said they gave Bible but took away land; became African nationalist leader and wrote several letters to people to try to change things. |
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| 1945 - Pan-African meeting |
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| in Manchester; led by native African leaders, not Diaspora (Jomo Kenyatta, Nkrumah, etc.); here they looked for full independence of Africa, not just more rights |
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| pride in being African,the beginning of the movement, it was led by Diasporas |
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| 3 goals of Pan Africanism |
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1) emphasize African personality, being individual (my culture is different and equal)
2) reconnecting the Diaspora (bring back the people of Africa who had been taken or had left) and
3) promote sense of unity between all the countries despite the racism and how countries are split up |
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| American; PhD at Harvard; interested in reconnecting Diaspora; taught at Wilburforce and Atlanta; editor of ‘The Crisis’; published Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (first sociological study of black culture in America) and The Souls of Black Folk; founded the NAACP in 1910; most influential spokesmen for Africans; frustrated with slow pace of change in Americans and how they viewed Africans; McCarthy went after him and he ended up in Ghana. |
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| President of Ghana; founded the OAU (Organization for African Unity); dream for common currency and unification of some countries; thinking beyond the European borders |
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| 1st president of Senegal; coined the term negritude: pride in being African |
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| interested in reconnecting the Western Hemisphere with Africa; put a lot of pride in past before colonialism; big in Diaspora; had a steamship line called Black Star Line but didn’t work out b/c of financial difficulties; started UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) focused on created agricultural schools; moved to Harlem and edited the paper ‘Negro World’ at time of the Harlem Renaissance |
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| The first countries to become fully independent started |
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| in 1950s in north and worked its way down south and the last was in the 1990s; hardest to come by in areas with large white communities |
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| was the puppet king of Egypt under the thumb of the British; young military officers came into control of the army; early 1950s, military coup under Nasser |
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| Arab countries split between British and French territories after WW1 and were mad because they thought they were going to get their independence; also mad because Palestine was promised to the Jews |
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| British defeated Germans in N. Africa |
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| very poor peasants; landless; super poor, Nasser helped out |
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1) Most successful Arab nationalist to this point; Pan-Arabist; Father of Modern Arab Nationalism
2) Leader of the Third World countries
Bandung Conference – African and Asian leaders met to plot middle course between Cold War powers
3) Center of Islamic revival (Cairo is the center – trained many Muslim missionaries there)
4) Socialist path – land redistribution to the Fellahn
British still in control of Suez Canal; Nasser nationalized the canal in 1956; British, French, and Israelis ganged up on Egypt to keep them from control; Oct. 1956 – Suez Canal Conflict; in UN, US and USSR voted against Brit, Fr, and Isr; Egypt defeated but world heroized Nasser; world put pressure on Brits and French to get out; Nasser’s resistance boosted other nationalist movements
Nasser fell out with the US over Aswan Dam project; US refused to fund or help; Nasser turned to Russia
When Nasser died, he had a huge funeral |
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Qaddafi was inspired by Nasser (worshipped him)
1969 – coup to overthrow Idris led by Qaddafi
1970 – Nasser dies; Qaddafi tried to take on Nasser’s mantel as leader of the Arab world; tried to do this using oil; thought he could gain power through the oil
Qaddafi alienated the West – anti-Israel
Got rid of foreign oil interest in Libya
Nationalized oil industry
Supported the PLO in Palestine
Supported Idi Amin for a time
Claimed parts of Chad and Sudan
Believed to be responsible for the bombing of the Pan- American flight over Scotland
Still president in Libya today |
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NW Africa
Colonizing power – France
Turned power over to Tunisia and Morocco easily (1956)
Not much conflict |
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large French population; seen as province of France; early 1800’s, French emigration schemes to settle the fertile coast of Algeria
Wanted independence, not to throw out existing French population
Savage guerrilla warfare
Interesting parallels to Iraq
Suicide bombing started in Algeria
500,000 French troops in Algeria
1958 – crisis in French government
Said that within four years they would have a vote to settle the issue
1962 – people overwhelmingly voted to be independent
Majority of the French in Algeria left and returned to France
Some stayed
Today, Algeria is mostly Muslim |
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| National Liberation Front in French led by Ben Bella |
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| (president) became determined to do something about Algeria |
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| African country to gain independence in west Africa |
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| built dam on the Volta R.; got involved in large projects trying to promote economy that didn’t really work; wanted to use large natural mineral reserves to make Ghana a big industrial center; educated in the US at Lincoln University; overthrown while out of country; Ghana started off well but began to struggle economically; great nationalist leader, not good political leader; one of the founding fathers of the OAU (Organization of African Union) |
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| 1980’s and 90’s - during his time the country grew economically mostly b/c of foreign investments; did a good job; used a mixture of socialism and capitalism |
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| 1960 was a big year for independence; HUGE population; issues that many sub-Saharan countries faced since independence: 1) military vs. civilian rule 2) tribal and ethnic strife and rivalry 3) separatist tendencies (hard to stay unified because of weird borders created by Europe); Nigeria faced all of those issues; by the mid 60’s, the north (Hausa) seemed to be favored by Balewa so the people of the south were upset; the Hausa preferred centralization; not as aggressive and are mostly Muslims; Ibos preferred decentralized government; more aggressive entrepreneurs; Christians mostly; 1967 - Nigeria had a civil war (Biafra War) which went through 1970; the Ibo had wanted secession; they lost but oil was found and so Europe was distracted; lots of political corruption; military coup because of money from oil; now, they have a democracy. |
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| Deocratic Republic of the Congo |
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| the Belgians gave independence in 1960; very abrupt; immediately in political crisis; civil war began |
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| 1st president of Congo,(pro-west) thinking didn’t get along with Lumumbu |
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| leftist/Marxist leader in Congo; Kasavubu’s people executed Lumumbu – became a martyr for his cause |
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| next president; pro-west; very corrupt; people hoped he’d bring the country together; stashed money; started cult called Mobutism to glorify himself; his pic was everywhere in the city; designed uniform for them to wear; renamed country “Zaire”; supported by US |
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| Member of British Empire but very racist; Boers (Afrikaaners) organized National Party in 1912 (same year: Nelson Mandela and African National Congress born); goals: 1) get rid of British empire 2) develop rigid racial segregation policy; 1948 National Party wins election of whites and takes over (selected blacks and colored voted too |
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| Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act |
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| (prohibited interracial marriages) |
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| Suppression of Communism Act |
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| (if you object to apartheid, you were accused of being a communist and sent to prison) |
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| Population Registration Act |
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| (moved people to different areas; each tribe had small region where they could vote, but no power anywhere else) |
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| mission group authority given to government; created two separate education systems, one for whites and one for blacks; black schools inferior) |
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Africa Nation Congrees
- protests and youth league headed by Nelson Mandela (made ANC more militant)
- Mandela was important model for Africa – organized Youth League |
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| 1960 – peaceful protest in Sharpville |
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against passbooks; the white police massacred many people; triggered militant ANC approach
- Mandela decided peaceful protests weren’t working, so sabotage became main course of action |
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| town that housed a secret ANC base) Trial - sentenced to life in prison and served 27 years; released in 1990 |
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| whites forced black schools’ curriculums to be taught in Afrikaans; the students wanted it taught in a useful language, English; riots in the schools; many teenagers killed by police; increased pressure from world to end apartheid |
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| whites gave up and laws were discarded; first free election |
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| plants trees around Kenya to protect environment; 2004 Nobel peace prize winner |
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| first female president in Africa (Liberia); elected this year |
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| president of United National Independence Party; Father of Zambian Independence |
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| S. Rhodesia (modern day Zimbabwe) - white leader who oppressed the black people |
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| dictator who took over Smith and is still in power in Zimbabwe; became Zimbabwe’s first prime minister; he was boycotted by opposition parties; committed troops to Congo to support Kabila; he is increasingly unpopular in Zimbabwe |
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