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| Great "seas" of sand dunes in the Sahara |
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| Broad, windswept gravel plains in the Sahara |
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| The climates of West Africa, which stretch east to west in bands |
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| A dry grasslands region with a steppe climate south of the Sahara |
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| A dry, dusty wind that blows south from the Sahara during winter |
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| A fly in Africa south of the Sahara that spreads sleeping sickness, a deadly disease |
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| The most important aluminum ore |
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| Pictures and symbols used to record information in ancient Egypt |
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| Nomadic herders in the deserts of Egypt and Southwest Asia |
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| The study of the remains and ruins of past cultures |
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| Spoken information passed down from person to person through generations |
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| A religious belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits |
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| Long, deep valleys with mountains or plateaus on either side |
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| A Bantu language that is widely spoken in areas of Africa |
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| Periods when little rain falls and crops are damaged |
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| Regions surrounded by mountains or other higher land |
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| The uppermost layer of a forest’s trees where limbs spread out and block out sunlight |
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| A major copper-mining region of central Africa |
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| Open-air trading markets in central Africa |
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| A cream-colored material that comes from elephant tusks and is used in making fine jewelry and handicrafts |
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| A variation of a language |
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| Countries surrounded or almost surrounded by another country |
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| Open grasslands areas of South Africa |
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| Low, flat, desert areas of southern Africa into which ancient streams drained |
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| Afrikaner frontier farmers, white descendants of South Africa’s original European colonists |
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| The South African government policy of separation of races, which began to disappear in the 1980s |
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| Special areas of crowded clusters of tiny homes for black South Africans living outside cities |
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| An economic or political penalty, such as an embargo, used by one or more countries to force another country to cease an illegal or immoral act |
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