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| incorporated a country within a state |
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| the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries |
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| refusal to obey laws considered to be unjust |
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| officer of the Ottoman empire who seized power and established a separate Egyptian state in 1805; ruled for 30 years and introduced reforms that brought Egypt into the modern world |
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| an explorer who arrived in Africa in 1841 and chartered unknown regions |
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| a canal that connected Mediterranean and Red Seas, built in 1869; in 1875 Britain bought Egypt's shares |
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| a nation created by Britian in 1910 that joined the old Cape Colony and Boer republics |
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| leader of movements to make Africans aware of their heritage; Harvard educated |
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| Independence movements in Africa |
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| colonial opposition that occurred after World War I but were not successful until after WWII |
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| stressed the need for unity of Africans; a Jamaican who lived in Harlem |
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| a Nigerian who started a newspaper,The West African Pilot, and believed in nonviolence as a way to gain independence |
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| war between the British and the Boers between 1899 and 1902, which the British army won |
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| descendants of the original Dutch settlers in South Africa; formed two independent republics; put indigenous people like Zulu on reservations |
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| European involvement in African countries |
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| Between 1880 and 1900, European countries, including Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal, took control of nearly all of Africa |
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| Reason for European intervention in Egypt |
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| Countries knew that whoever controlled Egypt would control the all-important Suez Canal |
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| Role of explorers in early European colonization |
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| Explorers like Livingstone and Stanley made the areas of interior Africa known to European countries, thus creating interest; Britain refused but Belgium and France settled |
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| Held in 1884, a conference of European leaders in which formalized the colonial boundaries in Africa; no Africans were present |
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| Benefits and disadvantages of British rule in Africa |
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| used indirect rule, in which a local ruler ruled but accepted British authority; benefits were that local customs were not disrupted; disadvantages were that African administrators still made decisions, later creating class and tribal tensions |
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