Term
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Definition
| A quantity that represents only magnitude, e.g., time, temperature, or volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| A quantity that represents magnitude AND direction. Commonly used to represent displacement, velocity, acceleration or force. |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance and direction of a body's movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The speed and direction of a body's motion, the rate of change of position. |
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Term
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Definition
| A scalar equal to the magnitude of the velocity vector. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate and direction of a body's change of velocity. (gravity = 32.174 ft/s^2) |
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Term
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Definition
| The quantity of molecular material that comprises an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of space occupied by an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass per unit volume. D = m/v |
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Term
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Definition
| The force with which a mass is attracted toward the center of the earth by gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Place head of first vecotr to tail of second, draw third vector from tail of first to head of second. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass times acceleration. F = ma |
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Term
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Definition
| Created when a force is applied at some distance from an axis or fulcrum and tends to produce rotation about that point. M = F x d |
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Term
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Definition
| When a force acts on a body and moves it. it is a scalar. W = F * s |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of doing work or work done per unit of time. P = W/t |
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Term
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Definition
| A scalar measure of a body's capacity to do work. TE = PE + KE |
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Term
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Definition
| The avility of a body to do work because of its position or state of being. PE = mgh |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a body to do work because of its motion. KE = 1/2 mV^2 |
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Term
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Definition
| A body at rest tends to remain at rest and a body in motion tends to remain in motion in a straight line at a constant velicity unless acted upon by some unbalanced force. |
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Term
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Definition
| The absence of acceleration, either linear or angular. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists when the sum of all forces and the sum of all moments around the center of gravity are equal to zero. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists when the sum of all moments around the center of gravity is equal to zero. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure particles of air exert on adjacent bodies. Ambient static pressure is equal to the weight of a column of air over a given area. It decreases with an increase in altitude. |
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Term
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Definition
| The total mass of air particles per unit of volume. D = m/v. Density decreases with an increase in altitude. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the average random kinetic energy of air particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2C/3.57 F per 1000ft until 36,000ft. From 36,000 to 66,000 ft the air remains at a constant -56.5C/-69.7F. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of constant temperature (36000ft - 66000ft). |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of water vapor in the air. As himidity increases, air density decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the air's resistance to flow and shearing. Air viscosity incerases with an increase in temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which sound waves travel through a particular air mass. As temperature increases, speed of sound increases. |
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Term
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Definition
29.92 in HG/1013.25 mb
59F/15C
3.57F/2C per 1000 ft.
.0024 slugs/ft^3 / 1.225 g/l
661.7 kts/ 340.4 m/s |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The feometric height above a given plane of reference. |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual height above mean sea level. |
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Term
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Definition
| The height above the standard datum plane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The altitude in the standard atmosphere where the air density is equal to local air density. It is found by correcting PA for temperature and humidity deviations from the standard atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is not used as a height reference. It is used as a predictor of aircraft preformance. A high DA will decrease the power produced by an engine because less oxygen is availiable for combustion and it will reduce the thrust produced by a propeller or jet engine because fewer air molecules are availiable to be accerlerated. |
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Term
| How does a vector quantity differ from a scalar quantity? |
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Definition
| A vector quantity expresses both magnitude and direction and a scalar expresses only magnitude. |
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Term
| How are Force and Moment related? |
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Definition
| A force is a push or pull exerted on a body. It tends to produce motion along a line. A moment is a tendency to produce motion about a point or axis. It is created by applying force to a lever arm to induce rotational motion about an axis. |
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Term
| Under what conditions can both an airplane traveling at a constant speed and direction and an airplane parked on the flight line be in equilibrium? |
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Definition
| When the sum of the forces and moments about the center of gravity equal zero. |
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Term
| What is the difference between trimmed flight and equlibrium flight? |
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Definition
| trimmed flight = sum of all moments equals zero. eqililibrium flight = sum of all moments AND forces equal zero. |
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Term
| What change in atmospheric static pressure occurs with an increase in altitude? |
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Definition
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Term
| What change in air temperature occurs in the standard atmosphere from sea level through 66,000 ft? |
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Definition
| Temp decreases by 2C per 1000 feet until 36,000 ft and an isothermal layer with a constant temp of -56.5C exists from 36,000 to 66,000. |
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Term
| What change in air density occurs with an increase in humidity? |
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Definition
| Air density decreases with increasing humidity. |
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Term
| What change in air viscosity occurs with an increase in temperature? |
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Definition
| Viscosity increases with an increase in temperature. |
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Term
| What is the primary factor affecting the speed of sound in air? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Any device used or intended to be used for flight in the air. |
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Term
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Definition
| A heavier than air fixed wing aircraft that is driven by an engine driven propeller or a has turbine jet and is supported by the dynamic reaction of airflow over its wings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic structure of the airplane to which all other components are attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| metal/wooden frame over which a light skin is stretched. Very strong and easily repaired but quite heavy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely light and strong because it consists of only a skin shell which is highly stressed but almost impossible to repair if damaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified version of monocoque having skin, transverse frame members, and stringers, which all share in stress loads and may be readily repaired if damaged. (T-34C) |
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Term
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Definition
| An airfoil attached to the fuselage and is designed to produce lift. |
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Term
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Definition
| High lift devices attached to the wing to increase lift at low airspeeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The assembly of stabilizing and control suraces on the tail of an airplane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The upright control surface attached to the vertical stavilizer to control yaw. |
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Term
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Definition
| The horizontal control surfaces attached to the horizontal stavilizer to control pitch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permits ground taxi operation and absorvs the shock encountered during takeoff and landing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides the thrust necessary for powered flight. |
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Term
| What engine does a T-34C have? |
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Definition
| a PT6A-25 turboprop engine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which all weight is considered to be concentrated and about which all forces and moments (yaw, pitch and roll) are measured. (Theoretically the airplane will balance if suspended at the center of gravity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Passes from the nose to the tail of the airplane. movement of the lateral axis around the longitudinal axis is called roll. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passes from wingtip to wingtip. movement of the longitudinal axis around the lateral axis is called pitch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passes vertically through the center of gravity. Movement of the longitudinal axis around the vertical axis is called yaw. |
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Term
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Definition
| The length of a wing, measured from wingtip to wingtip.(refers to entire wing and not just one side) |
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Term
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Definition
| An infinitely long, straight line which passes through its leading and trailing edges. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the width of an airfoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chord at the wing centerline. |
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Term
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Definition
| the chord at the wingtip. |
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Term
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Definition
| The apparent surface area of a wing from wingtip to wingtip. (S = bc) |
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Term
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Definition
| The average of every chord from the wing root to the wingtip. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reduction in the chord of an airfoil from root to tip. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the tip chord to the root chord. ( taper ratio = Ct / Cr ) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the angle between the lateral axis and a line drawn 25% aft of the leading edge. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the wingspan to the average chord. An aircraft with a high aspect rato such as a glider would have a long, slender wing. a low aspect ratio indicates a short, stubby wing, such as on a high performance jet. AR = b/c |
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Term
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Definition
| The raio of an airplane's weight to the surface area of its wings. WL = W/S |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between the airplane's longitudinal axis and the chordline of the wing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between the spanwise inclination of the wing and the lateral axis. (the upward slope of the wing when viewed from the front) |
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Term
| What variety of wing has no external bracing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What control surfaces are attached to the wing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of construction is used in the fuselage of the T-34C? |
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Definition
| Semi-monocoque fuselage consisting of stringers, transverse frame members and the skin. |
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Term
| What control surfaces are attached to the empennage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What control surface is used for longitudinal control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary source of directional control? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define airplane center of gravity |
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Definition
| The point at which all weight is considered to be concentrated. |
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Term
| List the three airplane axes and the motions that occur about each. |
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Definition
longitudinal - roll
lateral - pitch
directional - yaw |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists if at every pint in the airflow static pressure, density, temperature and velocity remain constant over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The path that air particles follow in steady airflow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of many adjacent streamlines. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure of a fluid resulting from its motion. q = 1/2 row v^2 |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of static and dynamic pressure. (Total pressure remains constant within a closed system) |
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Term
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Definition
| A system consisting of a pitot tube, a static pressure port, and a device that determines the difference, used principally in order to calculate dynamic pressure. |
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Term
| Indicated Air Speed (IAS) |
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Definition
| The instrument indication of the dynamic pressure the airplane is exposed to during flight. |
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Term
| Calibrated airspeed (CAS) |
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Definition
| When indicated airspeed is corrected for instument error. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by the ram effect of air in the pitot tube resulting in higher than normal airspeed indications at airspeeds approaching the speed of sound. |
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Term
| Equivalent airspeed (EAS) |
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Definition
| The true airspeed at sea level on a standard day that produces the same dynamic pressure as the actual flight condition. It is found by correcting calibrated airspeed for compressibility error. |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual velocity at which an airplane moves through an air mass. It is found by correcting EAS for density. |
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Term
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Definition
| The airplane's actual speed over the ground.It is TAS corrected for the movement of the air mass (wind) (GS = TAS - headwind, GS = TAS + Tailwind) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the airplane's true airspeed to the local speed of sound: M = TAS/LSOS |
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Term
| Critical mach number (Mcrit) |
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Definition
| The free airstream Mach number that produces the first evidence of local sonic flow. |
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Term
| State the continuity equation. What are the variables in the equation? When may the dinsity variable be cancelled? |
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Definition
row1 A1 V1 = row2 A2 V2.
row is density, A is the cross sectional area, and V is the velocity. Row may be cancelled if altitude remains constant and airflow is subsonic. |
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Term
| According to the continuity equation, if the velocity of an incompressible fluid is to double, what must happen to the cross sectional area of the flow? |
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Definition
| it must be reduced by 1/2. |
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Term
| State Bernoulli"s equation. Under what conditions does total pressure remain constant? If Pt is constant, how do q and Ps relate? |
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Definition
| Pt = Ps + q. Total pressure remains constant in a closed system. Ps is inversely related to q, if Pt is constant. |
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Term
| Describe how the pitot static system works using Bernoulli's equation. |
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Definition
| The pitot static system consists of a total pressure sensor, the pitot tube; a static pressure sensor, the static port; and a mechanism that determines the difference between the two in order to calculate dynamic pressure which is displayed in the cockpit as indicated airspeed (q = Pt - Ps) |
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Term
| For a given altitude, what is true about the pressure in the static pressure port of the airspeed indicator? |
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Definition
| For a given altitude, the pressure in the static pressure port of the airspeed indicator is constant for all airspeeds and all angles of attack. |
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Term
| Define IAS and TAS, what is the equation relating the two? |
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Definition
| IAS is the instrument indication for the dynamic pressure the aircraft is creating during flight. True airspeed (TAS) is the actual velocity at which an aircraft moves through an air mass. TAS = sqrt(row0/row) * IAS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do IAS and TAS vary with increases in altitude? |
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Definition
| As altitude increases with a constant IAS, TAS will increase. |
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Term
| A T-45 is climbing at a constant 350 KIAS. What would be the effect on Mach Number as it climbs? Why? |
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Definition
| Mach number increases because TAS increases and the local speed of sound decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between an airplane's longitudinal axis and the horizon. |
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Term
| Flight pathThe path described by an airplane's center of gravity as it moves through an air mass. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The airflow the airplane experiences as it moves throught the air. It is equal in magnitude and opposite inm direction to the flight path. |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between the relative wind and the chordline of an airfoil.(AOA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a line drawn halfway between the upper and lower surfaces of the wing. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the mean camber line is above the chordline |
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Term
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Definition
| when the mean camber line is below the chordline. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the mean camber line is coincident with the chordline. |
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Term
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Definition
| the height of the airfoil profile. |
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Term
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Definition
| the point along the chordline around which all changes in the aerodynamic force take place. |
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Term
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Definition
| airflow that travels along the span of the wing, parallel to the leading edge. (normally from the root to the tip) This airflow is not accelerated over the wing and therefore produces no lift. |
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Term
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Definition
| air flowing at right angles to the leading edge of an airfoil. it is the only airflow that produces lift. |
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Term
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Definition
| The net force that results from pressure and friction distribution over an airfoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the relative wind. |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of the aerodynamic force acting prallel to and in the same direction as the relative wind. |
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Term
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Definition
| That layer of airflow over a surface that demonstrates local airflow retardation dur to viscosity. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the air moves smoothly along in streamlines. Produces very little friction but is easily separated from the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the streamlines break up and the flow is disorganized and irregular. |
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Term
| favorable pressure gradient |
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Definition
| assits the boundary later in adhering to the surface by maintaining its high kinetic energy. |
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Term
| adverse pressure gradient |
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Definition
| impedes the flow of the boundary later. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition of flight in which an increase in AOA results in a decrease in Cl. |
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Term
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Definition
| stalling angle of attack. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow high static pressure air beneath the wing to be accelerated through a nozzle and injected into the boundary layer on the upper surface of the airfoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps located at the leading edge of a wing that allow air to flow from below the wing to the upper surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| moveable leading edge sections used to form automatic slots. |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple hinged portion of the trailing edge that is forced down into the airstream to increase the camber of the airfoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| a plate deflected fro the lower surface of the airfoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to plain flap, but moves away from the wing to open a narrow slot between the flap and wing for boundary layer control. |
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Term
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Definition
| used extensively on larger airplanes, it moves down, increasing the camber and aft causing a significant increase in wing area as werll as opening one or more slots for bound layer control. |
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Term
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Definition
| devices that change the wing camber at the leading edge of the airfoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in angle of incidence from wing root to wingtip. |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradual change in airfoil shape that increases ClmaxAOA to a higher value near the tip than at the root. (T-34)(A decrease in camber from root to tip) |
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Term
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Definition
| a strip mounted on the leading edge of the root section to induce a stall at the wing root. |
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Term
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Definition
| redirects airflow along the chord. |
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Term
| Stall Pattern/Wing design |
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Definition
rectangular wing-root stall tend-low speed & light weight airplanes/
highly tapered wing-tip stall tend./
swept wing-tip stall tend-high speed acft/
elliptical wing-even stall progression/
moderate taper wing-even stall progression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amt of thrust required to overcome drag. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amt of pwr required to produce thrust required (Tr) |
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Term
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Definition
| the amt of thrust produced at a given throttle setting(and velocity and density) |
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Term
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Definition
| amt of pwr engines produce at given throttle setting (and velocity and density). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the prop to turn engine output into thrust. |
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Term
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Definition
| when thrust availiable is greater than thrust required |
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Term
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Definition
| when availiable pwr is greater than required pwr. |
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Term
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Definition
| parasite and induced drag |
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Term
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Definition
| form drag, friction drag and interference drag. all drag not associated with production of lift. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by airflow separation from sfc and low pressure wake created by separation. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by mixing of streamlines btwn components |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by friction forces at sfc of acft due to viscosity of air. |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of total drag associated with production of lift. |
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