Term
| What are the two forms of vitamin A? |
|
Definition
(1)Retinoids
(2)Carotenoids |
|
|
Term
| Which of the two forms of vitamin A is in the active form and what is the best source? Can it exhibit a toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four forms of retinoids? |
|
Definition
(1)Retinol
(2)Retinal
(3)Retinoic acid
(4)Retinyl ester |
|
|
Term
| Carotenoids are considered a ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the two forms of vitamin A is an antioxidant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding vitamin A, the body can convert ___________ to ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three benefits of carotenoids? |
|
Definition
(1)Not a major toxicity
(2)Sources contain less fat
(3)Antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| What are three forms of carotenoids? |
|
Definition
(1)Beta-carotene
(2)Beta-cryptoxanthin
(3)Alpha-carotene |
|
|
Term
| What are five food sources of retinoids? |
|
Definition
(1)Liver
(2)Fish
(3)Fish oils
(4)Fortified milk
(5)Eggs |
|
|
Term
| What are good food sources of carotenoids? Give five examples. |
|
Definition
Dark leafy green/yellow-orange veggies/fruits.
(1)Sweet potato
(2)Carrots
(3)Squash
(4)Broccoli
(5)Cantaloupe |
|
|
Term
| Can eating liver on a consistent basis cause a vitamin A toxicity? If so, what are two other sources that would be less likely to do so? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin and two minerals make-up the most common world-wide deficiencies? |
|
Definition
(1)Vitamin A
(2)Iron
(3)Iodine |
|
|
Term
| Is the absorption rate of vitmain A the same for both veggies and meat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unless meat has _____ with it, you probably won't get maxiumum absorption of vitamin A. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a benefit of the food sources of carotenoids over retinoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin A recommendations are expressed as ___________________ (____). |
|
Definition
| Retinol activity equivalents (RAE) |
|
|
Term
| Older units of measure for vitamin A include ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the upper limit of vitmain A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It takes (more/less) carotenoids to create a retinoid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although the mechanisms remain unclear, what are seven functions of retinoids? |
|
Definition
(1)Reproduction
(2)Cell growth
(3)Bone metabolism
(4)Cellular differentiation
(5)Visual cycle
(6)Immune function
(7)Cell health - mucus |
|
|
Term
| Explain how having adequate retinoids can improve night blindness. |
|
Definition
| Rhodopsin (made of a cis-retinal and an opsin) is a protein bound to vitamin A in the rods of the eye. During a light flash, light hits the rods/rhodopsin, which causes it to break; the cis becomes trans. A message is sent to the brain. The retinal can't recombine with opsin becuase it is still in the trans form, so epithelial cells transform it back to the cis form. Ultimately, this takes longer when deficient in vitamin A, causing night blindness. |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin deficiency is a leading cause of world-wide blindness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain retinoids and cell health. |
|
Definition
| They promote mucus production by maintaining the health of cells that line both internal and external surfaces (epithelial cells), which provides a barrier to bacterial infection. |
|
|
Term
| ______ is a common cause of blindness in older people. |
|
Definition
| ARMD (Age-related macular degeneration) |
|
|
Term
| There is a correlation between which two carotenoids providing more protection against ARMD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Becuase they are _____________, lutein and zeaxanthin, which are found in the __________, can inhibit oxidation of teh cell membrane and protect the eye against damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four good sources of both lutein and zeaxanthin? |
|
Definition
(1)Romaine lettuce
(2)Broccoli
(3)Corn
(4)Garden peas |
|
|
Term
| Explain the difference between risk of toxicity (or lack thereof) of both retinoids and carotenoids. |
|
Definition
| Consuming excessive retinoids can cause a toxicity; although excessive carotenoids can cause a non-threatening toxicity, even in excess, the body will stop converting carotenoids to retinoids when a safe threshold is reached. |
|
|
Term
| What are three function of carotenoids? |
|
Definition
(1)Antioxidant - found in lipid b/c fat-soluble
(2)Cell proliferation/growth/differentiation
(3)May improve gap-junction communication b/w cells (lowers risk of cancer) |
|
|
Term
| A vitamin A deficiency can cause... |
|
Definition
(1)Blindness
(2)Night blindness
(3)Poor dark adaptation
(4)Bitot's spots
(5)Keratomalacia
(6)Xeroderma
(7)Xeropthalmia (dry eyes)
(8)Xerosis |
|
|
Term
| When supplementing vitamin A, you can work around a toxicity by avoiding which of the two forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After stopping the use of large doses of these two vitamins (while still maintaining adequate intake), deficiencies can occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large doses of retinoids in a short time period can lead to what toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are five symptoms of hypervitaminosis A? |
|
Definition
(1)Nausea
(2)Vomiting
(3)Double vision
(4)Headache
(5)Dizziness |
|
|
Term
| Amounts as little as ___ to ___ times the RDA can bring on hypervitaminosis A. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypervitaminosis A can lead to ________ effects (________ ________). |
|
Definition
| Teratogenic; birth defects |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of a carotenoid toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypercarotenemia results from excessive amounts of _______/_______/_______ _________, which results in what? |
|
Definition
| Carrots; squash; beta-carotene; high amounts of carotenoids in the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| What is a symptom of hypercarotenemia? |
|
Definition
| The skin turns a yellow-orange color |
|
|
Term
| Although questionable, high levels of carotenoids may interfere with what two things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two common forms of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
(1)Tocopherols
(2)Tocotrienols |
|
|
Term
| What is the most biologically active form of vitmain E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it normal for a diet analysis to show an inadequate intake of vitmain E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between tocopherols and tocotrienols, which can be an antioxidant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is vitmain E so difficult to identify in foods? |
|
Definition
| Because there are so many different isomers |
|
|
Term
| Is it better to get vitamin E from food or a supplement? Why? |
|
Definition
| Supplement; usually provide the most biologically available form |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin, like vitamin E, is better in supplement form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the most part, vitamin E is safe, except in which population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can other forms of vitmain E be converted to RRR alpha-tocopherol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two best sources of vitamin E? |
|
Definition
(1)Wheat germ
(2)Plant/veggie oils |
|
|
Term
| What are four functions of vitamin E? Which is the principle function? |
|
Definition
(1)MAINTENANCE OF MEMBRANE INTEGRITY - AS AN ANTIOXIDANT
(2)Antioxidant
(3)Reduce synthesis of cholesterol metabolism
(4)Possible supression of tumor growth and cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
| Which form of vitamin E appears to affect cholesterol metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is vitamin E quickly or slowly incorporated into cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typically, which is a better source of tocotrienols - supplements or food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a vitamin E deficiency common or rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What illness can a vitamin E deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does vitamin E deficiency cause in infants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does vitamin E deficiency cause in adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three symptoms of vitamin E deficiency? |
|
Definition
(1)Neurological problems
(2)Myopathy
(3)Hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hemolytic anemia and what is a mechanism related to vitamin E? |
|
Definition
| Breaking of RBCs; oxidative stress can break-down RBCs b/c of inadequate vitamin E in cell membrane to act as an antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin E appears to be one of the (most/least) toxic of the vitamins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three vitamers of B6? |
|
Definition
(1)Pyridoxine, PNP
(2)Pyridoxal, PLP
(3)Pyridoxamine, PMP |
|
|
Term
| Which of the three vitamers of B6 is the one that all other vitamers become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vitamers of B6 are ____________ and __________ ____________. |
|
Definition
| Interchangeable; comparably active |
|
|
Term
| What are two sources of B6? |
|
Definition
(1)Bananas
(2)Fortified cereal |
|
|
Term
| Much of the vitamin originally present in foods can be lost through _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are six functions of B6? |
|
Definition
(1)Coenzyme
(2)Decarboxylation
(3)Glycogen degredation
(4)Homocysteine regulation
(5)Racemization
(6)Transamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Without what three B-vitamins do we have higher levels of homocysteine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher levels of homocysteine is directly related to what two things? |
|
Definition
(1)Heart disease
(2)Plaque formation |
|
|
Term
| A B6 deficiency is (rare/common). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are seven signs of a B6 deficiency? |
|
Definition
(1)Cheilosis
(2)Fatigue
(3)Glossitis
(4)Hyperhomocysteinemia
(5)Microcytic anemia
(6)Seizures
(7)Sleepiness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue degredation on the sides of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a medicine, B6 may help with what six things? What hormone plays a role? Which one has the strongest support? |
|
Definition
(1)Autism
(2)Carpel tunnel syndrome
(3)Depression
(4)MORNING SICKNESS
(5)Muscular fatigue
(6)PMS
Serotonin, which promotes feelings of happiness |
|
|
Term
| As a medicine, B6 is (conclusive/inconclusive). |
|
Definition
| Inconclusive; although it does help with serotonin levels |
|
|
Term
| Can B12 be stored? If so, where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is B12 found naturally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the forms of B12 have what suffix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two forms of B12 are most prevalent in the body? |
|
Definition
(1)Methylcobalamin
(2)5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin |
|
|
Term
| All naturally occuring B12 is produced by ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the best sources of B12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two populations typically need more B12 and why? |
|
Definition
(1)Elderly
(2)Type II diabetics (metformin)
They don't absorb it well |
|
|
Term
| A B6 (toxicity/deficiency) and a B12 (toxicity/deficiency) lead to permanent nerve damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three functions of B12? |
|
Definition
(1)Coenzyme
(2)Maintenance of nervous system
(3)RBC synthesis |
|
|
Term
| As a coenzyme, in what two enzymatic reactions is B12 involved? |
|
Definition
(1)Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
(2)L-methylmalonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Which of the two B12 coenzyme-enzymatic functions is part of the Crebs Cycle? |
|
Definition
| L-methylmalonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Which of the two B12 coenzyme-enzymatic functions explains RBC synthesis? |
|
Definition
| L-methylmalonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the nervous system does B12 aid in maintaining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Inadequate absorption/inadequate dietary intake) is responsible for the majority of B12 deficiency seen in the US. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 deficiency typically occurs in what two populations? |
|
Definition
(1)Strict vegetarians
(2)Infants/young children |
|
|
Term
| A toxicity of _______ can mask a B12 deficiency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of a B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Serum level diminishes-->cell concentration diminishes-->biochemical deficiencies occur-->anemia |
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia occurs with a B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies of folate and B12 both can cause what? |
|
Definition
| Megaloblastic/macrycytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the two biochemical deficiencies that occur with a B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
(1)Decreased RBCs
(2)Increased homocysteine |
|
|
Term
| Increased homocysteine increases the risk of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain why fatigue occurs with anemia. |
|
Definition
| The RBCs can't adequately carry oxygen, which means less ATP is produced. |
|
|
Term
| In macrocytic anemia, the RBCs are very (small/large). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are six symptoms of a B12 deficiency? |
|
Definition
(1)Concentration loss
(2)Fatigue
(3)Palpitations
(4)Shortness of breath
(5)Skin pallor
(6)Parasthesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the toxicity of B12? |
|
Definition
| No clear toxicity from massive doses of B12 has ever been recorded |
|
|
Term
| What is the upper limit of B12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major mineral; required in amounts > 100 mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trace mineral; required in amounts < 100 mg/day |
|
|
Term
| What's the relationship between calcium and hypertension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant mineral in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has more calcium: 1/4 c. almonds or 1/2 c. ice-cream? What's the principle here? |
|
Definition
| 1/4 c. almonds; just becuase it's dairy doesn't mean it's the best source of calcium |
|
|
Term
| When do we reach peak bone mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to develope osteoporosis: men or women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does smoking relate to calcium? |
|
Definition
| Reduces intestinal absorption |
|
|
Term
| How does alcohol consumption relate to calcium? Explain. |
|
Definition
| Reduces intestinal absorption of calcium through an inhibition of vitamin D in the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is a good, general recommendation for calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women lose calcium from bones during _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does milk with a higher fat content (ie whole milk) have more calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two food sources of calcium from each category: dairy, seafood, fruits/veggies, fortified foods. |
|
Definition
Dairy: (1)milk, (2)yogurt
Seafood: (1)salmon, (2)sardines w/ bones
Fruits/veggies: (1)broccoli, dried fruit
Fortified foods: (1)cereal, (2)OJ |
|
|
Term
| Better mineral bioavailability absorption will come from _______ sources. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are six poor sources of calcium? |
|
Definition
(1)Meats
(2)Grains
(3)Nuts
(4)Spinach
(5)Rhubarb
(6)Swiss chard |
|
|
Term
| Why are some veggies poor sources of calcium? |
|
Definition
| They are high in oxalic acid, which binds the calcium and prevents its absoprtion. |
|
|
Term
| What are four substances that enhance calcium absorption? |
|
Definition
(1)Vitamin D
(2)Sugars
(3)Sugar alcohols
(4)Protein |
|
|
Term
| What are five substances that inhibit calcium absorption? |
|
Definition
(1)Fiber
(2)Phytate
(3)Oxalate
(4)Zinc/magnesium
(5)Unabsorbed fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| What three nutrients enhance urinary calcium excretion? |
|
Definition
(1)Sodium
(2)Caffeine
(3)Protein |
|
|
Term
| The absorption of what two nutrients may be inhibited by excessive calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 99% of total body calcium is used for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bone, what part of the bone do the make-up, and what percentage of total bone in the body do they represent? |
|
Definition
(1)Cortical; outer layer; 75-80%
(2)Trabecular; interior; 20-25% |
|
|
Term
| 1% of total body calcium is ___________ and is essential for many processes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are seven functions of nonosseous calcium? |
|
Definition
(1)Blood clotting
(2)Enzyme regulation
(3)Nerve conduction
(4)Muscle contraction
(5)Weight management
(6)Reduces blood pressure
(7)May reduce the risk of colon cancer |
|
|
Term
| Nonosseous calcium functions as a _________ in enzyme regulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the nonosseous calcium functions is questionable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does nonosseous calcium reduce the risk of colon cancer? |
|
Definition
| Calcium binds with bile acids and free fatty acids which are promoters of colon cancer |
|
|
Term
| The greatest benefit from bone modeling by calcium occurs during _________ and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium deficiency in children is known as ________ and is (reversible/irreversible). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the first signs of a calcium deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three symptoms of tetany? |
|
Definition
(1)Muscle pain
(2)Spasms
(3)Numbness and tingling in hands/feet |
|
|
Term
| A calcium deficiency can cause what three things besides tetany? |
|
Definition
(1)Hypertension
(2)Colon cancer
(3)Obesity/increased body weight |
|
|
Term
| What does calcium do concerning blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Aids w/ vasodilation of arteries |
|
|
Term
| Besides calcium, what vitamin and what mineral also cause rickets when deficient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adult deficiency of calcium called. Is it reversible or irreversible? |
|
Definition
| Osteomalacia; not reversible |
|
|
Term
| Intakes of calcium in amounts up to ______ mg daily appear to be safe for most individuals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a calcium toxicity common or rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two symptoms of a calcium toxicity? |
|
Definition
(1)Constipation
(2)Headaches |
|
|
Term
| Excessive calcium intake may increase the risk of what? |
|
Definition
| Developing calcium-containing kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| A calcium toxicity can cause what condition? Explain what this is. |
|
Definition
| Hypercalcemia; when the calcium level in the blood is constantly above the normal status |
|
|
Term
| Like calcium, a toxicity of _______ is called hypercalcemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium is a (micromineral/macromineral). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F If you begin taking prenatal vitamins prior to pregnancy, you may experience less nausea during pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zinc is a (micromineral/macromineral). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Zinc is believed to help reduce the severity and duration of the common cold by 3 days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concerning zinc, the (more/less) you consume, the (more/less) you absorb. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The (darker/lighter) the meat, the more zinc is available. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F With zinc, you don't tend to see problems with marginal deficiencies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zinc from plant sources is (lower/higher) in content and is absorbed to a (lesser/greater) extent when compared to animal sources. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two very good sources of zinc and give examples of each. |
|
Definition
(1)Red meat (organ meat)
(2)Seafood (oysters, mollusks) |
|
|
Term
| List three "other good animal sources" of zinc. |
|
Definition
(1)Poultry
(2)Pork
(3)Dairy |
|
|
Term
| Although not the best way to get zinc, what are three good plant sources of zinc? |
|
Definition
(1)Whole grains
(2)Veggies
(3)Nuts/seeds |
|
|
Term
| Zinc is a component of numerous ________ enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Enzymes from a few enzyme classes have been shown to require zinc. |
|
Definition
| False; enzymes from every enzyme class |
|
|
Term
| Besided being a component of numerous metallo enzymes, lists eight more functions of zinc. |
|
Definition
| (1)Antioxidant (2)Immune fxn (3)Skin integrity (4)Wound healing (5)Bone formation (6)Supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, adolescence (7)Sexual maturation dduring adolescence (8)Maintain sense of taste |
|
|
Term
| How does zinc maintain sense of taste? |
|
Definition
| It's a component of gustin, a protein involved in taste acuity |
|
|
Term
| _____ and _____ may help with behavior/concentration during childhood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sometimes people are diagnosed with _____ when really they are deficient in _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are nine symptoms of a zinc deficiency? |
|
Definition
(1)Slow growth
(2)Decreased appetite
(3)Poor wound healing
(4)Hair loss
(5)Taste abnormalities
(6)Hypogonadism
(7)Frequent infections
(8)Night blindness
(9)Skin lesions |
|
|
Term
| Taste abnormalities due to a zinc deficiency can lead to what? |
|
Definition
| Weight loss and even anorexia |
|
|
Term
| Zinc deficiency is common in who? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The UL for zinc for healthy adults is ___mg/day, which you probably (will/will not) get from food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intakes of 150 mg/day of zinc can do what four things? |
|
Definition
(1)Lower copper status
(2)Alter iron fxn
(3)Reduce immune fxn
(4)Reduce HDL levels |
|
|
Term
| List seven symptoms of a zinc toxicity. |
|
Definition
(1)Diarrhea
(2)Abdominal cramping
(3)Vomiting
(4)Jaundice
(5)Chills
(6)Fever
(7)Hymolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic anemia can cause _______, ____ _____, and _____/_____ ________. |
|
Definition
| Fatigue; pale gums; rapid/labored breathing |
|
|
Term
| Iron is a (micromineral/macromineral) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ deficiency is the greatest deficiency in the world. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for iron toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of poisoning deaths in kids under 6 in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemochromatosis typically occurs in _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of dietary iron in food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heme iron is a component of what two things? |
|
Definition
(1)Hemoglobin
(2)Myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| In what form is 2/3 of all the iron in our bodies found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 50-60% of the iron in meat is ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| This kind of iron is usually bound to components in foods. |
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Definition
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Term
| What must happen in order for the absoprtion of nonheme iron to occur? |
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Definition
| It must be enzymatically freed int he GI tract |
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Term
| Where is nonheme iron primarily found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonheme iron is (easier/more difficult) to absorb than heme iron. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamin aids in the absorption of nonheme iron? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F It's entirely possible to get 100% absorption of iron, especially from meat. |
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Definition
| False; never absorb 100% of iron, not even from animal sources |
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Term
| What are three good sources of iron? |
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Definition
(1)Organ meats
(2)Raw clams
(3)Oysters |
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Term
| Overall absorption of iron from the US diet is estimated at about ___%-___%. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does a person's iron status affect their iron absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are six functions of iron? |
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Definition
(1)Assists with oxygen transport in blood - hemoglobin
(2)Assists in transport of oxygen to muscle cells - myoglobin
(3)Cofactor for enzymes involved in energy metabolism
(4)Catalase that combats free radicals as part of an antioxidant enzyme system
(5)Immune fxn
(6)Pro-oxidant |
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Term
| What is the name for an iron deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four symptoms of an iron deficiency? |
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Definition
(1)Yellow eyes
(2)Cold
(3)Fatigue
(4)Pale |
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Term
| What are eight things that can impair iron absorption? |
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Definition
(1)Phytates
(2)Polyphenols
(3)Phosvitin
(4)Calcium
(5)Zinc
(6)Manganese
(7)Nickel
(8)Coffee |
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Term
| What are three sources of phytates? |
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Definition
(1)Legumes
(2)Rice
(3)Whole grains |
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Term
| What is a source of polyphenols? |
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Definition
| (1)Tannins from tea/coffee |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein, containing phosphorylated serine residues found in egg yolk |
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Term
| If you want to drink coffee, but want to prevent the malabsorption of iron as much as possible, when should you not drink it? |
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Definition
| With or just after a meal |
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Term
| What are the two forms of vitamin D? |
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Definition
(1)Ergocalciferol
(2)Cholecalciferol |
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Term
| What ultraviolet ray is responsible for synthesizing vitamin D? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best time of day to make vitamin D from sunlight? |
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Definition
| Midday or between 10am and 3pm |
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Term
| What factors will inhibit the synthesis of vitamin D? |
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Definition
| Sunscreen, skin pigment, season/latitude/time of day, aging, skin grafts, hepatic failure, chronic renal failure |
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Term
| Are tanning beds a reliable way to synthesize vitamin D? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the toxicity of vitamin D called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you get a vitamin D toxicity from sunlight? |
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Definition
| No, excess vitamin D3 is destroyed by sunlight |
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Term
| What are two trace minerals of greatest concern for vegetarians? Why? |
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Definition
(1)Iron
(2)Zinc
With the elimination of meat and increased intake of phytate-containing legumes and whole grains, the absorption of both iron and zinc is lower with vegetarian than with nonvegetarian diets |
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Term
| What are the best food sources of zinc? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the best food sources of iron? |
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Definition
| Liver, red meat, shellfish |
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Term
| Which form of iron is better absorbed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the enhancers of iron? |
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Definition
| Meat, poultry, fish, ascorbic acid, alcohol, retinol, carotenes |
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Term
| What are inhibitors of iron? |
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Definition
| Phytic acid, polyphenols/tannins (tea and coffee), soy protein, egg, calcium, phosphate salts, antacids |
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Term
| What food preparation techniques can improve iron status? |
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Definition
| Using iron cookware, the consumption of iron-containing foods concurrently with sources of ascorbic acid-containig foods while limiting inhibitory foods to between meals, selecting lower-phytate foods |
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Term
| Where does most zinc come from in the US? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are plant foods rich in zinc? |
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Definition
| Legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds |
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Term
| What mineral competes with iron and zinc? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two reasons for why scholarly articles are often inconclusive? |
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Definition
(1)Genetics - still don't know enough
(2)Can't safely make definite conclusions |
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Term
| List concrete function statements regarding B6, B9, B12. |
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Definition
| B9 & B12 lower homocysteine; inadequate 6, 9, 12 cause elevated homocysteine; increased plasma homocysteine is risk factor for CVD; treatment of hyperhomocystenemia w/ 6, 9, 12 shown to reduce thrombin formation; elevated homosysteine contributes to atherosclerosis; B12 w/ other B vitamins reduces insulin resistance in patients w/ metabolic syndrome/markers for oxidative stress/inflammation; synthesis and repair of DNA is a well-known function of B9; B9 and possibly B6 and B12 deficiencies are related to cancer; higher B12 significantly associated w/ better outcome for treatment of major depression; adequate B9 shown to reduce incidence of neural tube defects |
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Term
| What is the recommendation for vitamin D for breastfeeding mothers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are natural food sources of vitmain D? |
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Definition
| Salmon, sardines, mackerel, tuna, cod liver oil, shitake mushrooms, egg yolk |
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Term
| What is phytic acid, what foods are common sources, and what effect does it have on iron and zinc? |
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Definition
| A compound found naturally in plant cells; plant sources; inhibits the absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| A sulfur-containing amino acid precursor of methionine |
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Term
| Who might you recommend (B6), B9, and B12 supplementation to? |
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Definition
| Elderly (50+), vegetarians, in conjunction w/ pharmcotherapy for depression, type II diabetes, CVD |
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Term
| From the "checklist," list four symptoms of hypthyroidism. |
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Definition
(1)Leg cramps
(2)Feeling cold
(3)Brittle hair and nails
(4)Constipation |
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Term
| What is euthyroid sick syndrome? |
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Definition
| Occurs when a nonthyroid illness (infection, synthetic hormones, inflammatory condition) causes an irregularity of thyroid levels; thyroid itself not diseased/inflamed; other factors are causing imbalance of thyroid hormones |
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Term
| What are the functions/potential benefits of viramin D? |
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Definition
| Determinant of mortality; anti-inflammatory; immune-modulating; maintains blood pressure and cardiovascular health; reduces risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome; aids in calcium absorption; decreases risk of falling; improved muscle function; benificial role in cancer prevention/survival; reduces risk of autoimmune diseases (MS); improves dimentia; prevent rickets (infants) |
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Term
| What are symptoms of hypervitaminosis D? |
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Definition
| Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, weakness |
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Term
| Symptoms of hypervitaminosis D are probably caused by the resultant ______________. |
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Definition
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