Term
| What's considered the 5th vital sign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you distinguish pain from anxiety? |
|
Definition
| By soothing patient, if it makes eye contact and alters behavior, usually pain |
|
|
Term
| What effect from pain can delay wound healing and reduce the immune system? |
|
Definition
| Increased cortisol levels |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 physiological effects of pain that effect the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| Increased HR, increased BP, arrhythmias, and coagulopathies |
|
|
Term
| What's the name for perception of a painful stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of nociception? |
|
Definition
| Transduction, transmission, and modulation |
|
|
Term
| What phase of nociception is the physical injury to the chemical signal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase of nociception is the nerve impulse generated and transmitted from peripheral nerves to spinal cord, then is projected up to thalamus and then to other parts of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase of nociception is the nerve impulse sent to nerve cells that activates sympathetic reflexes (pain is dampened)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Pain and nociception are the same thing. |
|
Definition
| False, it's different than pain due to consciousness |
|
|
Term
| T/F An unconscious animal still has nociception, but doesn't feel pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the wind up phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| CNS adapts to persisent pain impulses and alters pain processing |
|
|
Term
| What change in the wind up phenomenon lowers the pain threshold and needs less stimuli to cause pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What change in the wind up phenomenon are other nerve fibers recruited to help transmit pain which causes normally harmless sensations to be interpreted as pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the best way to treat pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you stop treating for pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain prevention involves the use of different classes of analgesics and different sites of analgesic administration to provide superior dynamic pain relief with reduced analgesic-related side effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adding pain medications to fluid bags |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 posture signs of pain in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Tail between legs, arched/hunched back, guarding of pain site, drooped head, prolonged sitting, tucked abdomen, and lying in a flat, extended position |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 temperament signs of pain in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Aggressive, clawing, attacking, biting, and trying to escape |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 posture signs of pain in cats? |
|
Definition
| Tucked limbs, arched/hunched head and neck/back, tucked abdomen, lying flat, slumped body, and drooped head |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 temperament signs of pain in cats? |
|
Definition
| Aggressive, biting, scratching, chewing, attacking, escaping, and hiding |
|
|
Term
| Failure to groom, dilated pupils, and no interest in food or play can indicate what in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an emotional state characterized by anxiety, depression, or unease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 emotional and environmental factors you can do to soothe painful patients? |
|
Definition
| Favorite blanket, visit from family, quiet area in hospital, minimize painful procedures, and do painful procedures outside of cage |
|
|
Term
| "The best way to treat pain is prevent it," relates to what type of pain prevention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pain prevention takes advantage of the synergistic effects of combining 2 or more classes of drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are side effects reduced with multimodal analgesia? |
|
Definition
| Less of each drug is needed |
|
|
Term
| What type of pain prevention is based on the doasage and duration of action to the degree of expected surgical pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of pain prevention may include the use of epidurals, CRIs, or continued bolus doosing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of pain prevention is sending pain medication home with the patient? |
|
Definition
| Don't quit until the pain quits |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 ways of pain prevention? |
|
Definition
| Preemptive analgesia, multimodal analgesia, matching analgesics, maintaining analgesic plane, and don't quit until the pain quits |
|
|
Term
| What are the most commonly used analgesics in hospitalized patients as a result of efficacy, rapid onset, and safety? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 drugs you might use for severe pain, since they are pure opioid agonists? |
|
Definition
| Morphine sulfate, hydromorphone, and fentanyl citrate |
|
|
Term
| What is a pain medicationthat could be used for moderate to severe pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a drug that can be used for mild pain? |
|
Definition
| Butorphanol tartrate (Torbugesic) |
|
|
Term
| What's an example of an opioid reversal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an example of a synthetic opioid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 examples of a2-agonist drugs that are commonly used? |
|
Definition
| Xylazine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine |
|
|
Term
| What's the reversal for a2 agonists (xylazine,dex,ace)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Diazepam and acepromazine provide pain relief. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should CRIs be established? |
|
Definition
| Before tissue damage (pre-op) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 drugs commonly added to CRIs? |
|
Definition
| Morphine, ketamine, and fentanyl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Morphine lidocaine ketamine |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 examples of adjunctive/adjuvant agents? |
|
Definition
| Tranquilizers, NMDA receptor antagonists, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, and tricycllic antidepressents |
|
|
Term
| Thermotherapy, massage, therapeutic exercises, aquatic therapy, electrical stimulation, acupuncture, therapeutic ultrasound, extracorporeal shock-wave therapy, and low-level laser are examples of what? |
|
Definition
| Nonpharmacologic treatment options for pain |
|
|
Term
| What are 10 signs of pain in horses and farm animals? |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, lethargy, excitement/restlessness, pawing, vocalizing (especially cattle), bruxism, reluctance to move, lying down more, kicking abdomen, and violently trying to roll |
|
|
Term
| What's a substance that can interfere with the life process of cells in an organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done if the eyes are exposed to toxins? |
|
Definition
| Flush with saline for 20-30 minutes and examine eyes for corneal damage |
|
|
Term
| What should you bathe a patient in that has been exposed to toxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the preferred emetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do hydrogen peroxide, salt, and ipecac have in common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the trade name for imidacloprid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a trade name for fipronil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a trade name for selamectin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 methods for removing toxins that are ingested? |
|
Definition
| Activated charcoal, cathartic, enema, gastric lavage, and enterogastric lavage |
|
|
Term
| What are 8 household foods that are hazardous to pets? |
|
Definition
| Moldy food, chocolate (theobromine and caffeine), onions (allium family), macadamia nuts, rising bread dough, grapes/raisins, tobacco products,and xylitol |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 household cleaners that are hazardous to pets? |
|
Definition
| Acids, alkali, bleaches, and detergents |
|
|
Term
| What are 8 miscellaneous household items that are hazardous to pets? |
|
Definition
| Heavy metals (Lead/Zinc), ant bait, silica gel packets, glow sticks, liquid potpourri, batteries, mothballs, and ice/snow melt |
|
|
Term
| What 4 plants are hazardous to pets? |
|
Definition
| Rhododendron sp., castor beans (ricin), lillies, philodendrom sp. (Elephant ears/Calla lily) |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 pesticides that are hazardous to pets? |
|
Definition
| Snail bait (metaldehyde), fly bait (methomyl), rat/mouse bait (Warfarin/Bromethalin/Cholecalciferol), and antifreeze (methanol/propylene glycol/ethylene glycol) |
|
|
Term
| What 3 medications are hazardous to pets? |
|
Definition
| Ibuprofen, aspirin, and ephedrine/pseudophedrine |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 things you should do for a poison emergency? |
|
Definition
| Asses, stabilize, decontaminate, control clinical signs, and good nursing care |
|
|
Term
| Within how many hours is emesis productive after ingesting toxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within how many hours is emesis productive after ingesting toxins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What increases clearing of the intestinal contents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the term of an enema and gastric lavage combined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the set of principles that governs people's views of right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair, and just or unjust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are portions of ethical rules that we believe to be universally binding on all members of society? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of ethics? |
|
Definition
| Social consensus, personal, and professional ethics |
|
|
Term
| What prioritizes, explains, or provides rationale for both having and applying the principles of ethics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the study and theory of the law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 things are there obligations to in veterinary medicine? |
|
Definition
| Clients, peers in profession, society in general, themselves (can't afford treatment-how much to do for free?), and the animal |
|
|
Term
| When trying to change people's ethical views, instead of clashing your views against theirs, what should you do? |
|
Definition
| Show the conclusion you wish them to draw in what they already believe (Remind them) |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 common ethical dilemmas in veterinary medicine? |
|
Definition
| Pain, euthanasia of healthy animals, non-euthanasia of suffering animals, mandatory reporting of abuse, treating animals for free/wildlife, and tail docking/ear cropping |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of rehabilitation? |
|
Definition
| Occupational therapy, physical therapy, and recreational therapy |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 goals of physical therapy? |
|
Definition
| Reduce pain, maintaining or restoring normal ROM, preventing fibrosis or contractures on soft tissues, preventing disuse atrophy, gaining strength, providing positive psychological effect, and educating and providing home care programs |
|
|
Term
| T/F Physical therapy and physical rehab can be used interchangeably. |
|
Definition
| True, depends on state's practice act |
|
|
Term
| What are 12 common physical therapy services? |
|
Definition
| Client education, development of home care programs, orthotics/prosthetic devices, carts/fittings, manual therapy, computerized gate analysis, pain management, hydrotherapy, cryotherapy, wound care, therapeutic exercises, other modalities (Laser, electrical stimulation,ultrasound) |
|
|
Term
| What type of exercise is movement from an outside source, mimics normal function, and improves blood flow and sensory awareness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of exercise is outside force to assist with range of motion and includes gentle stretching? |
|
Definition
| Active-assistive exercise |
|
|
Term
| What type of exercise is active muscle contractions, increases muscle strength, increases cardiovascular function, and increases coordination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 properties of water for hydrotherapy? |
|
Definition
| Thermal, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, cohesion, and turbulence |
|
|
Term
| T/F Thermal hydrotherapy can be hot or cold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the upward force exerted on an immersed object opposite to gravity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ratio of magnitude of force per surface area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pressure exerted by water is equal in all parts of the object tends to increase as depth and density increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the force between same molecules and their tendency to attract each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Turbulance in hydrotherapy is aka? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 forms of hydrotherapy? |
|
Definition
| Pools and underwater treadmills |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 devices used in physical therapy? |
|
Definition
| Boots, slings, carts, balance board, therapy ball, cavaletti rails, and prosthetics |
|
|
Term
| What physical therapy modality uses high frequency sound waves that provide vibration of a membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What physical therapy modality uses application of electrical current to stimulate nerves, muscles, and soft tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What physical therapy modality stimulates the local release of nitric oxide from hemoglobin (causes vasodilation)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 things do you need when taking a CVP? |
|
Definition
| Bag/bottle of fluids, attached fluid administration set, and IV extension set, a manometer, and a stopcock |
|
|
Term
| Where should the bottom of the manometer be held for a CVP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should the catheter for a CVP be placed? |
|
Definition
| Cranial intrathoracic vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What does a CVP tell you? |
|
Definition
| Right atrial pressure, which is used as an estimate of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload). |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 indications that gastric intubation should be used? |
|
Definition
| Poison ingestion, relief of gaseous distension in animals with GDV, short-term nutrient administration, and administering barium/charcoal |
|
|
Term
| Where should you measure and tape a tube for gastric intubation? |
|
Definition
| Tip of the nose to the 9th intercostal space and tape where it should be exiting the mouth |
|
|
Term
| How many times should a gastric gavage be repeated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should always be in place when administering a gavage tube? |
|
Definition
| ET tube with the cuff inflated |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things do you need for nasogastric tube placement? |
|
Definition
| Soft rubber feeding tubes, topical anesthetic, and aqueous lubricant |
|
|
Term
| Where should you measure when placing a nasogastric tube? |
|
Definition
| Tip of nose to the last rib |
|
|
Term
| What is used to remove air or fluid from the pleural space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can you use for a thoracocentesis? |
|
Definition
| Syringe with needle or butterfly catheter with syringe and 3 way stopcock |
|
|
Term
| What are the typical size of chest drains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What procedure is sedation and local anesthetic infiltration are generally adequate for placement. The chest wall should be clipped of hair and scrubbed with antiseptic solutions. The animal is placed in lateral recumbency. The drain should enter the skin surface at the 10th intercostal space, tunnel subcutaneously, 2 to 3 spaces, and penetrate the chest wall at the 7th or 8th intercostal space. The insertion site should be at the junction of the dorsal and middle thirds of the chest. Use a argyle styleted thoracic catheter to get through the musculature of the chest wall and remove stylet. Then use a purse string suture to attach tubing to the skin. |
|
Definition
| Chest tube/thoracic drain |
|
|
Term
| What is the study of cancer aka tumors, growths, masses, and neoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process in which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 steps of carcinogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Initiation (cell is exposed to a factor that rapidly alters DNA) and promotion (initiated cells are stimulated by an agent to evolve into tumor cells) |
|
|
Term
| What type of tumor does unchecked growth but do not destroy surrounding normal tissues, but can still impair tissue function and cause problems through physical presence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tumor does unchecked growth have the capability to destroy local tissues and can metastasize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 -omas are malignant? |
|
Definition
| Melanomas, insulinomas, and thymomas |
|
|
Term
| What's a benign bone tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a malignant bone tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a benign cartilage tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a malignant cartilage tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a benign fibrous tissue tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a malignant fibrous tissue tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a benign fatty tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a malignant fatty tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a benign smooth muscle tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a malignant smooth muscle tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a benign skeletal muscle tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a malignant skeletal muscle tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of malignancies from hemolymphatic tissue (can't be a benign tumor)? |
|
Definition
| Lymphomas and multiple myeloma |
|
|
Term
| What is a benign skin tumor called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a malignant skin tumor of the epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a benign epithelial tumor (except for skin)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a malignant epithelial tumor (except for skin)? |
|
Definition
| Adenocarcinomas/carcinomas |
|
|
Term
| What would a well-differentiated histopathy indicate? |
|
Definition
| Close to normal cellular architecture |
|
|
Term
| What would a undifferentiated histopathy indicate? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal cellular architecture |
|
|
Term
| What do you look for when seeing how fast tumor cells are spreading? |
|
Definition
| Amount of mitotic figures |
|
|
Term
| What's used to obtain samples from lymph nodes or cutaneous tissue masses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's used to evaluate abnormalities in RBC, WBC or platelets or in cases of mast cell tumors, lymphoma or multiple myeloma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 places can you retrieve bone marrow for a BMA? |
|
Definition
| Iliac crest, proximal humerus, and trochanteric fossa of the proximal femur |
|
|
Term
| What type of biopsy do you need a special needle (Trucut needle), collects 1-1.5cm sliver of tissue, and is kept in 10% buffered formalin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of biopsy is a small skin incision made and a wedge of tumor is removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of biopsy is the complete removal of mass and the margins of normal tissue around tumor are included in removal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should the ratio of formalin:tissue be for biopsies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the maximum thickness allowed for formalin to penetrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of surgery uses liquid nitrogen to freeze superficial cancers that are less than 2cm in diameter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the best choice of treatment for systemic cancers, such as osteosarcomas and lymphomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the mechanism of action of most chemotherapy drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 radiation sensitizers are used in conjunction with chemo agents to make them more effective? |
|
Definition
| Crispaltin or doxyrubicin |
|
|
Term
| What's the mechanism of action for most chemotherapy drugs? |
|
Definition
| They're cytotoxic & injure DNA/cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate chemotherapy drugs for dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate chemotherapy drugs for cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of drugs can be tetratogens (cause defects in developing fetus),
mutagens (cause injury to chromosomes), and carcinogens (cause a secondary cancer)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 things can you use to protect yourself from chemotherapy drugs? |
|
Definition
| Respirator masks or venting device, latex gloves, gowns, protective eyewear, and a face shield |
|
|
Term
| What type of syringe should you use for giving chemotherapy drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Dogs on chemotherapy should eliminate outdoors. |
|
Definition
| False, drugs are excreted indoors and all waste must be placed in biohazard containers |
|
|
Term
| What should you never use to clean animal waste when it's on chemotherapy drugs? |
|
Definition
| A hose, it will aersolize the material |
|
|
Term
| How many hours is animal waste the most toxic if they are on chemotherapy drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 common chemotherapy drugs? |
|
Definition
| Doxyrubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Cisplatin, Vincristine, and L-asparaginase |
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer can radiotherapy be used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cancer treatment uses ionizing radiation to destroy localized tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
