Term
| What's the difference between immunoglobulins and antibodies? |
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Definition
| immunoglobulins are b cell receptors, antibodies are secreted soluble forms of b cell receptors |
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Term
| Name the genes that create the chains of the T cell receptor. |
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Definition
| the beta chain is from V,D, and J chain segments. The alpha chain is from V and J chains. |
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Term
| Name the genes that create the chains of the B cell receptor |
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Definition
| heavy chain is by V, D, and J chain segments. light chain is by the V and J chains |
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Term
| Where is the adaptive immune response initiated? |
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Definition
| secondary lymphoid tissues (BALT, Peyers patches, lymph nodes, etc.) |
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Term
| How does the pathogen get to the secondary lymphoid organ? |
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Definition
| pathogen undergoes endocytosis by the dendritic cell and then the dendritic cell migraes to lymph vessel |
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Term
| Dendritic cells travel to the secondary lymphoid tissue to activate what naive cell? |
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Definition
| T cells and B cells ! (the cells go from naive cells to effector cells) |
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Term
| MHC I degrades ________ pathogens and then presents them to _________. |
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Definition
| intracellular; cytotoxic t cells |
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Term
| MHC II degrades _______ pathogens and then presents them to ________. |
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Definition
| extracellular; helper T cells |
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Term
| How is a cytotoxic T cell activated? |
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Definition
| MHC molecule on infected cell binds with both CD8 and T cell receptor (CD8 is co-receptor) |
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Term
| How are helper T cells activated? |
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Definition
| interact with MHC II complex on either B cell or macrophage with TCR and CD4 (CD 4 as co receptor) |
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Term
| Name two ways in which helper T cells help other cells fight infection |
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Definition
| 1) activate macrophages by direct contact or cytokines, 2) induce B cells to make antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Activated cytotoxic T cells leave lymphoid tissue and arrive at infected tissue via... |
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Definition
| lymph vessels or blood stream |
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Term
| Instead of secreting antibodies, a small percentage of B cells can combat infection by ______________. |
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Definition
| migrating to the site of infection, directly binding to the pathogen, and thereby target pathogen for macrophage |
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Term
| Unlike T cells, B cells can directly recognize an antigen. WHat do they do with this antigen? |
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Definition
| bind pathogen, receptor-mediated endocytosis, pathogen degraded and MHC II displays pathogen peptides on B cell surface. B cell remains in lymph node |
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Term
| What happens when B cells present antigen to helper T cells? |
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Definition
| helper T cells secrete cytokines that induce B cell to proliferate, differentiate, and produce antibodies |
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Term
| Name the five isotypes of antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Naive, circulating B cells express which classes of antibody? |
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Definition
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Term
| THe first antibody to be secreted is of which class of antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main isotypes of antibodies in body fluids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is IgA transported to bind pathogens and toxins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when antibodies bind to two cells and thereby crosslink the cells. This hinders ability of microbes to spread. |
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Term
| How do antibodies neutralize infections? |
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Definition
| they bind to toxins (thereby preventing toxins to binding to human cells) Then macrophage recognizes Fc portion of antibody and endocytose and degrades toxin |
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Term
| Macrophages can endocytose pathogens that are tagged with either ________ or _______. |
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Definition
| IgG via constant region (Fc) OR C3b deposited on bacterial surface |
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Term
| Antibodies work with eosinophils by... |
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Definition
| recognizing and binding to parasitic worms so the eosinophil can kill the worm |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduces nucleotide substitutions in variable regions of rearranged IgH and L chains. Then you can select for antibodies that bind more tightly to the pathogen |
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Term
| How long does it take to get a primary immune reponse? A secondary immune response? |
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Definition
| primary- 1-2 weeks; secondary 3-4 days |
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Term
| It is important that T and B cells exhibit central immunological tolerance so that they.... |
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Definition
| don't kill your own cells |
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Term
| How do allergens cause inflammation? |
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Definition
| IgE mediated degranulation of mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay |
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Term
| Immunoblotting is also known as __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| The part of the antigen bound by a B or T cell receptor is called the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that are recognized by receptors on lymphocytes |
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