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| The "but for" test for determining factual causation. |
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| Defendant's actions had to significantly contribute to the consequences. |
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| De minimus principle. Defendant's actions had to have more than a minimal role in the consequence. |
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| The defendant's actions had to have been an operative and substantial cause of the consequences. |
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| Voluntary assumption of care. |
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| Duty of care arising from a special relationship. |
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| Duty to avert danger created. |
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| Chain of causation will not be broken if consequences of a new intervening act were brought about by the defendant's original action. |
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| Chain of causation will not be broken by the victim's actions unless they were so "daft" that the reasonable person would not have undertaken them. |
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