Term
| Define phsychological theory |
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Definition
| A set of assumptions that account for the relationships between certain variables and the particular behavior in interest. |
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Term
| What are explanatory theories? |
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Definition
| theories that have been developed to explain certain behaviors. |
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Term
| what do psychological theories provide the foundation for? |
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Definition
| effective use of strategies and techniques of counseling and motivational skill-building for exercise adoption and maintenance. |
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Term
| Program interventions should be designed to: (6) |
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Definition
1) Build the skills of participants.
2) Correct misunderstandings.
3) Clarify relationships.
4) Negotiate and solve problems.
5) Establish a supportive relationship.
6) Provide a target date for follow-up. |
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Term
| Remember: Setting several small, short-term goals to attain a long-term goal is likely to increase self-efficacy, as the person successfully reaches each short-term goal on the way to attaining the long-term goal. |
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Definition
| Remember: Setting several small, short-term goals to attain a long-term goal is likely to increase self-efficacy, as the person successfully reaches each short-term goal on the way to attaining the long-term goal. |
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Term
| What are limitations to psychological theories? |
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Definition
1) Most have been developed to explain behaviors of small groups, but most can't explain behaviors of large groups.
2. They may leave out important elements that may influence behavior. e.g. age, gender. |
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Term
| Learning theories propose that an overall _______ behavior arises from many _____, ______ behaviors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Learning theories propose that it is possible to _____ the desired behavior by reinforcing "_______ _________" and _________ _____ in the environment. |
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Definition
| shape, partial behaviors, modifying cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The positive or negative consequence for performing or not performing a behavior. |
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Term
| What are the two types of rewards that motivate individuals to change their behavior. |
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Definition
1) Intrinsic rewards.
2) Extrinsic or external rewards. |
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Term
| What is an example of an external or internal stimuli (cue) that can signal behavior? |
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Definition
| Having participants keep their gym clothes packed to remind them that they are ready to go to the gym. |
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Term
| Remember: For those who are not ready to start an exercise program or who need help maintaining an exercise program, additional tools or strategies for change are required. |
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Definition
| Remember: For those who are not ready to start an exercise program or who need help maintaining an exercise program, additional tools or strategies for change are required. |
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Term
| What is the health belief model. |
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Definition
| It is a model that assumes that people will engage in a given behavior when: a) they perceive threat of disease, b) they believe they are susceptible to disease, c. they believe the threat is severe. |
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Term
| Taking action depends on whether the ________ outweigh the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The concept of ____-________ is a major component of the health belief model. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the transtheoretical model of health behavior. TTM. |
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Definition
It incorporates construcs from other theories including intention to change and processes of change. Four basic concepts.
1) People progress through five stages of change at varying rates.
2) In the process of change, people move back and forth along the continuum.
3) People use different cognitive and behavioral processes or strategies.
4) For decisional balance, people look at the pros and cons of a given health behavior or choice by performing a cost-benefit analysis. |
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Term
| What are the five stages of change or motivational readiness in the TTM? |
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Definition
Stage 1: Precontemplation.
Stage 2: Contemplation.
Stage 3: Preparation.
Stage 4: Action.
Stage 5: Maintenance. |
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Term
| What are the processors of behavioral change? (TTM) |
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Definition
a) processes are various behavioral or cognitive skills or strategies that are applied during the different stages of change.
b) the model has numerous applications depending on the stage of readiness.
c) cognitive processes are most efficient for early stages. behavioral for later stages. |
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Term
| What are the five cognitive processes? (TTM) |
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Definition
1) consciousness raising.
2) dramatic relief.
3) environmental reevaluation.
4) self-reevaluation.
5) social liberation. |
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Term
| What are the five behavioral processes (TTM) |
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Definition
1) counter-conditioning
2) helping relationships
3) reinforcement management.
4) self-liberation
5) stimulus control. |
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Term
| What does the relapse prevention model incorporate? (2) |
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Definition
1) The identification of high-risk situations.
2) The development of plans for coping with high risk situations. |
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Term
| An important element of the relapse prevention model is to learn how to restructure _______ to distinguish between a _____ and a _______ and to develop flexibility in the approach for attaining exercise and physical activity goals. |
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Definition
| thinking, lapse, relapse. |
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Term
| The Theory of Reasoned Action postulates that _________ is the most important determinant of behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things influence intention? |
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Definition
| Attitudes and subjective norms. |
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Term
| What are attitudes determined by? |
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Definition
| The positive and negative beliefs about the outcome or the process of performing the behavior. |
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Term
| What are subjective norms influenced by? |
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Definition
| What others think or believe (normative beliefs). |
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Term
| What does the Theory of Planned Behavior incorporate? |
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Definition
| perceived behavioral control, which is determined by perceived power and control beliefs. |
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Term
| What three major interacting influences does the social cognitive theory involve? |
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Definition
| Behavioral, Personal, and Environmental. |
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Term
| Define observational learning. |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which people can learn my watching others model a behavior, and by perceiving the rewards that one gains by engaging in that behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perceived benefits of engaging in a particular behavior. |
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Term
| What is the difference between outcome expectations and outcome expectancies? |
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Definition
Expectations - the anticipated outcome.
Expectancies - the values of the anticipated outcome. |
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Term
| How does one manage emotional arousal? |
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Definition
| 1) Cognitive restructuring. 2) Stress management techniques. 3) Learning methods of effective problem solving. |
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Term
| What are three types of reinforcement (not positive/negative)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does one assess benefits and barriers using a decisional balance sheet? (Four things listed) |
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Definition
1) Write down all positive and negative perceptions on a piece of paper.
2) Help individuals see the benefits of exercising.
3) Use problem-solving techniques to remove exercise barriers.
4) As # of barriers are reduced, the decisional balance tips in the positive direction and improves adherence. |
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Term
| What are four ways to improve self-efficacy? |
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Definition
1) Listing Performance Accomplishments (i.e. setting short-term and long-term goals)
2) Observing through vicarious experience.
3) Using Verbal Persuasion
4) Understanding Psychologic States. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a process that involves setting a series of intermediate goals that lead to a long-term goal. |
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Term
| When is shaping especially important? |
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Definition
1) When it is applied to increasing frequency, intensity, duration, or types of activities.
2) Initiating exercise programs in which the long-term goals may be too difficult for a novice. |
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Term
| What different forms can reinforcement take? |
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Definition
1) Verbal encouragement
2) Material incentives.
3) "natural" reinforcements. |
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Term
| What is antecedent control? |
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Definition
| It uses techniques that prompt the initiation of behavior. |
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Term
| What is the gist of "elimination of 'all-or-none' thinking"? |
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Definition
| People who relapse often think of themselves as complete failures. By eliminating "all or none" perceptions, they the relapse is labeled correctly as a slight disruption. |
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Term
| NOTE: I am not including questions from the Stages of Change Model (i.e. precontemplation, contemplation, etc.). This can be found on pages 90-91 |
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Definition
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Term
| Which stage is at the greatest risk of relapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What demographic variables that influence activity levels are mentioned in the book? |
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Definition
1) Women - they tend to participate in less vigorous activity, so it may be better to incorporate low to moderate intesity activity.
2) Older people - use low intensity activity. |
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Term
| What are four examples of cognitive and experiential variables that influence activity levels? |
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Definition
1) Previous experiences with physical activity.
2) Perception of one's health status.
3) Perceived enjoyment of physical activity.
4) Access to exercise facilities or convenience of the exercise program. |
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Term
| what are five examples of environmental and program factors that influence activity levels? |
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Definition
1) Social support
2) Weather
3) Increased flexibilty or adaptability of the exercise program.
4) Reminders
5) Neighborhood factors. |
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Term
| During information gathering what areas should be assessed for participants? |
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Definition
1) Current level of knowledge.
2) Attitudinal beliefs.
3) Previous experiences with exercise or physical activity skills.
4) Behavioral skills.
5) Available social support. |
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Term
| In developing a helping relationship, it is important to understand the _______, and establish _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are six ways to establish a supportive relationship with a client? |
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Definition
1) Exhibit empathy.
2) Legitimize concerns.
3) Respect one's abilities and positive efforts.
4) Support by providing reinforcement and follow-up.
5) Partner with the individual.
6) Pay attention to nonverbal communication. |
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Term
| What are the 5 A's that should be used during a counseling session. |
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Definition
1) Address the agenda
2) Assess
3) Advise
4) Assist
5) Arrange follow-up. |
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Term
| When will sedentary individuals likely stop their exercise if a program is initiated. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Surgeon General say about exercise? |
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Definition
| Moderate intensity lifestyle activity performed for a total of 30-60 minutes at least five times a week produces important health benefits. |
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Term
| What are the types of difficult patients? |
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Definition
1) dissatisfied participant.
2) needy participant.
3) hostile participant.
4) shy participant.
5) chronic complainer.
6) underexerter
7) overexerter or noncomplier
8) disrupter or comedian |
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Term
| Who should be referred to professionals when problems occur? |
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Definition
1) participants with existing health problems to their physician.
2) participants with psychological issues to a mental health professional.
3) people with depression or anxiety to physician or mental health professional.
4) Individuals with life crises to a mental health professional.
5) Persons with substance abuse or eating disorders. |
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Term
| Signs of significant psychological disturbance may include the following: (7) |
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Definition
1) inability to carry out routine activities of daily living.
2) significant disruption of normal lifestyle.
3) Inability to work at a normal occupational level.
4) Symptoms of depression.
5) acknowledgement of psychosocial dysfunction.
6) excessively high or low scores with psychometric testing.
7) Distorted perceptions of reality. |
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Term
| Did not include anything about the psychosocial assessment on p. 95 |
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Definition
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