Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Early Childhood |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Middle Childhood |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Later/Puberty |
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Definition
| girls, 9 to 15 years; boys, 12 to 16 years |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 years following puberty |
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Term
| Age groups: early Adulthood |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Middle adulthood |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Later adulthood |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Senescence, Young-old |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Senescence, Old |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Senescence, Old-old |
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Definition
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Term
| Age groups: Senescence, Oldest Old |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors are included in aging? |
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Definition
| Genetics, Lifestyle, Disease, etc. |
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Term
| How much of our population will be 65 years or older by 2030? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much physical activity should children ages 5-12 accumulate? |
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Definition
| at least 60 minutes, and up to several hours on all or most days of the week. |
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Term
| True or False: Resting and exercise heart rate are higher in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are resting and exercise heart rate higher in children? |
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Definition
| Most likely as a compensation for lower stroke volume and cardiac output relative to body mass. |
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Term
| How do children compensate for higher levels of cardiac output and submaximal oxygen consumption? |
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Definition
| Increased oxygen extraction, which is acheived by increased blood flow through skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| How is Vo2 max determined? |
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Definition
| By the capacity of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen to the working muscles and the capacity of the muscles to extract oxygen. |
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Term
| True or false, blood pressure at rest is higher in children than in adults |
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Definition
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Term
| When does an increase in exercise capacity and Vo2 max occur? |
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Definition
| It is dramatically accelerated in puberty, especially in boys, before leveling off after maturity. |
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Term
| What happens to relative Vo2 max during puberty. |
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Definition
| It plateaus in boys and shows a slight decline in girls. |
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Term
| When does an individuals total number of muscle fibers become fixed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much less muscle mass do adolescent females have compared to males? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: endochondral ossification. |
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Definition
| the process of the development of the human skeleton in the embryo. |
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Term
| Where does ossification begin in the long bones? Where does secondary ossification occur? |
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Definition
| In the diaphysis. In the epiphysis |
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Term
| What happens when the ephiphyseal plates close? |
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Definition
| Adolescents, usually between the ages of 16-18, stop growing. |
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Term
| When does bone mass reach its peak. |
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Definition
| For men and women between 25-30 years of age. |
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Term
| List all of the things mentioned that improve during development. |
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Definition
| motor skills, reaction time (particularly at 8 years of age), speed of movement, improvement of skill following a practice session. |
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Term
| What are the gender differences in skill performance before adolescence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the gender differences in skill and performance during adolesence? |
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Definition
| Skills requiring strength, running, jumping, etc, plateau in girls and continues to improve in boys. Girls often outperform boys in skills requiring fine motor patterns. |
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Term
| How much muscle mass is typical in 17 year old boys and girls? What about before puberty? |
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Definition
| 42% for girls, 53% for boys. 43% for girls, 45% for boys. |
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Term
| What are acceptable body fat percentages for prepubescent children? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. Children can tolerate exercise in the heat better than adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. 1) Sweating rate for children is less than adults. 2) Children have less sweat glands than adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| What children are at the highest risk for heat related illness? |
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Definition
| Children with diseases affecting the sweating mechanism (i.e. cystic fibrosis, diabetes), children with diseases affecting the cardiovascular system, children with obesity, and children with a history of heat stroke. |
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Term
| How fast does maximal heart rate decrease in adults. |
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Definition
| 6 to 10 beats per minute. |
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Term
| What happens to resting stroke volume and maximal stroke volume as people age? |
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Definition
| Resting remains relatively unchanged, and maximal decreases. |
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Term
| What causes a decrease in maximal cardiac output as one ages? |
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Definition
| decreases in both maximal heart rate and stroke volume. |
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Term
| What causes increases in SBP and DBP with age? |
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Definition
| decreased arterial compliance and increased arterial stiffness. |
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Term
| What does the decrease in skeletal muscle capillary density cause? |
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Definition
| decreased muscle blood flow and oxygen extraction. |
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Term
| How much does VO2 max decrease with age? |
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Definition
| typically 5-15% per decade after the age of 25. |
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Term
| Aging brings a ___% increase in the work of respiratory muscles, but a decrease in the ________ of these muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does muscle atrophy occur? |
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Definition
| Because of a decrease in the number and size of muscle fibers, particularly fast twitch (type IIB) fibers. |
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Term
| How much muscle mass do sedentary individuals lose over the course of their adult life? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does muscle strenght peak? |
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Definition
| In the mid 20's, and it remains stable in the 30's. |
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Term
| How much does muscle strength decline the decades after one's 30's? |
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Definition
| approximately 15% per decade in the fifth, sixth, and seventh decades, and approximately 30% per decade thereafter. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by a decrease in bone mass and bone density, producing bone fragility. |
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Term
| What is the peak bone mass in women compared to men? |
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Definition
| About 10% below that of men. |
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Term
| When do men begin to lose bone mass? |
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Definition
| between 50 to 55 years of age. |
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Term
| When do women begin to lose bone mass? |
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Definition
| between 30-35 years of age. |
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Term
| Of those affected by osteoporosis __% are women. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the risk factors associated with bone loss. (13 factors) |
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Definition
| 1) being caucasian or asian. 2) being female. 3) being thin-boned or petite. 4) having low peak bone mass at maturity. 5) family history. 6) premature or surgically induced menopause. 7) alcohol abuse. 8) cigarette smoking. 9) sedentary lifestyle. 10) inadequate calcium intake. 11) Chronic steroid use. 12) Vitamin D deficiency. 13) Advanced age. |
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Term
| Aging is associated with __________ and increased ___________ of collagen fibers. (which causes decreased flexibility) |
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Definition
| degradation, crosslinkage |
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Term
| When does loss of flexibility begin? Why does it begin? |
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Definition
| Young adulthood. Because of disuse, deterioration of joints, and degeneration of collagen fibers. |
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Term
| How many people over the ages of 65 and 75 will experience at least one fall per year? |
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Definition
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Term
| Age-related changes in the _______, _______, and ___________ systems result in diminished feedback to the postural centers. |
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Definition
| vestibular, visual, somatosensory |
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Term
| The ________ ________ may lack the capacity to respond appropriately to disturbances in postural stability. |
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Definition
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Term
| How much slower do healthy older adults prefer to walk compared to healthy younger adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| The reduced ____ _____ is largely attribuatble to decrease in stride length. |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurophysiologic changes occur with aging that affect motor performance? (5 things) |
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Definition
| 1) Decrease visual activity. 2) Hearing loss. 3) Deterioration of short-term memory. 4) Inability to handle several pieces of information simultaneously. 5) Decreased reaction time. |
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Term
| Which skills are maintained through adulthood? |
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Definition
| 1) skills requiring accuracy of movement. 2) Movement patterns. |
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Term
| What skills are decreased throughout adulthood? |
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Definition
1) skills requiring speed and strength of movement.
2) range of motion
3) reaction time
4) movement time
5) coordination |
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Term
| Body Composition: What decreases and increases with aging? |
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Definition
| Fat free mass and basal metabolic rate decrease. Fat mass increases. |
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Term
| What factors go in to fat mass increases with age? |
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Definition
| 1) Inactivity (the primary factor) |
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Term
| Where on the body are age-related increases in fat mass most visible? |
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Definition
| primarily in the central areas (abdomen), as opposed to peripheral areas. |
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Term
| When does skeletal muscle mass begin to decline noticeably? |
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Definition
| At approximately 45 years of age. |
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Term
| What are the underlying mechanisms that cause declines in skeletal muscle mass? |
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Definition
| 1) intrinsic changes in the muscle and central nervous system. 2) changes in hormonal stimuli. 3) lifestyle factors. |
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Term
| Where does sarcopenia occur the most? Lower or upper extremities? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much does body mass tend to decline after 70 years of age? |
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Definition
| 1-2kg in the eighth decade and accelarting thereafter. |
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Term
| What are the primary determinants of sweating rate? |
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Definition
| acclimation, fitness, hydration, and genetics. |
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Term
| What factors can impair thermoregulation in older adults? |
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Definition
1) reduced total body water.
2) exposures to prolonged heat stress in elderly men.
3) the fact that heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen consumption, expressed as a percentage of maximum are higher in the older adult.
4) Decreased tolerance for exercising in hot environments. |
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Term
| When does loss in circulating growth hormone occur? What are the effects? |
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Definition
| early thirties. It contributes to the loss of muscle mass and strength. |
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Term
| For men, when does loss in circulating testosterone levels occur? What are the effects? |
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Definition
| Early thirties. Loss of muscle mass and strength. |
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Term
| What are the effects of a drop in circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone? |
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Definition
| an increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. |
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Term
| How should one go about training preadolescents? |
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Definition
| There is no greater risk of injury with strength training in children with proper supervision. One rep max should be avoided though. |
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Term
| What should happen with children with heart murmurs? |
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Definition
| Murmurs do no impair normal cardiovascular function, and it does not necessarily exclude children from physical activity. Exercise should be prescribed according to physicians recommendation. |
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Term
| What are common symptoms associated with dysrhytmias? (6) |
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Definition
1) Sensation of "skipped beats"
2) Headache
3) Vomiting.
4) Loss of vision.
5) Syncope
6) Near-syncope. |
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Term
| What is vasopressor, orthostatic, and cardiovascular syncope? |
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Definition
Vasopressor - caused by external stimuli (anxiety, emotion)
Orthostatic - caused by pooling of blood in the lower extremities.
Cardiovascular - caused by some form of heart disease. |
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Term
| Symptoms of presyncope (4) |
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Definition
1) Dizziness
2) Cold and clammy appearance.
3) Diaphoresis
4) Significantly decreased blood pressure. |
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Term
| What has the greatest effect for enhancing bone mass in children? |
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Definition
| Weightlifting and compressive exercises (i.e. gymnastics) |
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Term
| Where do stress fractures commonly occur? |
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Definition
1) Tibia, fibula, or foot in running sports.
2) Femur, pelvis, or patella in jumping sports.
3) Humerus, first rib, or elbow in overhand throwing and racquet sports. |
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Term
| Risk factors of stress fractures. (5) |
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Definition
1) Training error. Increased total volume or increased rate of progression of training intensity (beyond 10% per week)
2) Muscle-Tendon imbalance
3) Anatomic malalignments (basically if one limb is longer than the other)
4) High-Impact forces during running and jumping sports.
5) Growth. |
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Term
| Asthma affects how many children in the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does exercise-induced asthma consist of? |
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Definition
| Cough, wheeze, chest tightness, chest pain, and/or breathlessness. |
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Term
| Typically, _____ and _______ bouts of exercise are more likely to induce EIA. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between children and adults in regards to submaximal, relative oxygen for cycling, running and walking? |
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Definition
No difference for cycling.
10-20% higher for children when running or walking. |
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Term
| True or False. Anaerobic capacity is lower in children. |
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Definition
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Term
| Children recover quicker than adults do in what areas. (not worded well) |
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Definition
1) when it comes to reaching metabolic steady state.
2) lower oxygen deficit.
3) recovery of heart rate
4) recovery of blood pressure |
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Term
| Cardiac output at a given oxygen consumption is ______ _____ in children than in adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart rate at a submaximal load is ______ in children than in adults because of the _______ _____ ____ and ______ ______ in children |
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Definition
| higher, smaller heart size, stroke volume. |
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Term
| Absolute maximal minute ventilation is _____ in children. |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative minute ventilation during maximal exercise is _______. (children and adults) |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. Muscle hypertrophy is consistently associated with strength gains in preadolescent children. |
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Definition
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Term
| Children and adults are not similar when it comes to changes in what area during cardiovascular training? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many adults 75 years and older report no physical activity? |
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Definition
| 54% of men and 66% of women. |
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Term
| What is the minimum level of VO2 max necessary for independent living? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the recommended starting point for exercise intensity for deconditioned older adults? |
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Definition
| 40% VO2R or heart rate reserve (HRR) |
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Term
| True or false. Increases in the VO2 max of older (>60 years) adults are similar to increases in younger people. |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes improvements in VO2 max in men? women? |
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Definition
increased cardiac output, and increased arteriovenous oxygen difference.
for women, it is primarily increased arteriovenous oxygen difference. |
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Term
| How much does low-intensity endurance training lower SBP and DBP in older adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the decline of muscle strength, power, and endurance begin to accelerate? |
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Definition
| After 50-60 years of age. |
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Term
| What changes are included in the accelerated decreases of muscle strength, power, and endurance? (6) |
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Definition
1) decreased muscle fiber size (especially Type II)
2) decreased muscle fiber number
3) decreased mitochondrial proteins and glocolytic, anaerobic, and oxidative enzyme activities.
4) Decreased impulse conduction velocity
5) Loss of motor units.
6) Increased intramuscular fat, especially in women. |
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Term
| Which decreases to a greater extent with age? Strength or power? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors are attributed to decreased balance with age? |
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Definition
1) muscle weakness
2) inflexibility
3) degradation of neuromotor function
4) obesity
5) visual and vestibular deterioration |
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Term
| What is of greater importance to osteogenic stimulation? Magnitude of load, or number of loading cycles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What activities should individuals with advanced osteoporosis abstain from? |
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Definition
| high-impact activities or deep forward flexion exercises such as rowing. |
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Term
| Of the three, what does not contribute to an increased risk for insulin resistance? Physical inactivity, obesity, or aging? |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors are related to orthopedic injuries in active older adults? (4) |
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Definition
1) inadequate warm-up.
2) muscle weakness
3) sudden violent movements
4) rapid increases in exercise prescription. |
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Term
| How many 65 year old adults does osteoarthritis affect? 75 year old adults? |
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Definition
50% of 65 year olds.
85% of 75 years and older. |
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Term
| True or false. Stroke volume and cardiac output are similar in healthy young and old adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false. Maximal stroke volume and cardiac output are similar between older and younger adults. |
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Definition
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